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Litir: Teach agus Ceantar Nua
3 Bóthar Buí
Baile Dúill
Baile Átha Cliath
3 Iúil 2016
A Eoin,
Tá súil agam go bhfuil tú i mbarr na sláinte. Is fada an lá ó chuala mé uait. Go raibh maith agat as ucht do litir. Bhí sé ar intinn agam scríobh chugat. Ní raibh am agam scríobh go dtí seo. Bhí mé an-ghnóthach. Fan go cloise tú mo scéal.
Bhog mé go gceantar nua. Tá mé i mo chónaí i dteach leathscoite i mbruachbhaile beag. Is suíomh álainn é. Tá na comharsana cairdiúil. Tá cúlgháirdín mór agam ach gan aon gháirdín tosaigh. Tá na bláthanna faoi bhláth. Tá mo mheánscoil nua go deas. Faoi láthair, tá mé ag déanamh an Teastas Shóisearaigh. Is maith liom Tíreolaíocht agus Matamaitic ach is fuath liom Reiligiúin agus go háirithe Eolaíocht. Ceapaim go bhfuil sé an-leadránach. Tá an príomhoide an-dian. Seinnim an giotár agus an pianó ar scoil.
Bhuel níl aon nuacht eile agam. Scríobh litir chugam go luath. Ná déan dearmad. Ná déan moill. Beidh mé ag tnúth le litir uait roimh i bhfad. Feicfidh mé tú roimh i bhfad. Tabhair aire duit féin. Slán go fóill.
Is mise, do chara
SeánPhotography site - https://www.sryanbruenphoto.com/
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Litir: An Ghaeltacht
3 Bóthar Buí
Baile Dúill
Baile Átha Cliath
3 Iúil 2016
A Eoin,
Tá súil agam go bhfuil tú i mbarr na sláinte. Is fada an lá ó chuala mé uait. Go raibh maith agat as ucht do litir. Bhí sé ar intinn agam scríobh chugat. Ní raibh am agam scríobh go dtí seo. Bhí mé an-ghnóthach. Fan go cloise tú mo scéal.
Bíonn ranganna againn gach maidin. Bíonn cluichí againn gach tráthnóna. Bíonn ceilí againn gach oíche. Is breá liom an áit seo. Tá bean an tí an-flaithiúil agus cairdiúil. Tá a lán feabhas ag teacht ar mo chuid Gaeilge. Bíonn an craic go hiontach. Bíonn an cócaireacht go blásta. Tá a lán cairde nua agam anois. Ba bhreá liom teacht arais anseo an bhliain seo chugainn. Téimid ag snámh san fharraige fuar gach lá. Tá mé ag glacadh páirt i ndráma deag.
Bhuel níl aon nuacht eile agam. Scríobh litir chugam go luath. Ná déan dearmad. Ná déan moill. Beidh mé ag tnúth le litir uait roimh i bhfad. Feicfidh mé tú roimh i bhfad. Tabhair aire duit féin. Slán go fóill.
Is mise, do chara
SeánPhotography site - https://www.sryanbruenphoto.com/
Weather photo portfolio - https://sryanbruen.myportfolio.com/weather-1
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Useful Irish Phrases
Is cuimhin liom an lá sin is a tharla sé inné ~ I remember that day like it was yesterday
Tugadh _____ dom ~ I was given _____
Creid nó ná creid ~ Believe it or not
Tosach / Tús maith leath na hoibre ~ A good start is half the battle
Ná habair é ~ Don’t mention it
A cuirtear os ar comhair amach ~ Put in front of us
Is léir mar sin ~ It is clear
Bhí mé ar barr an domhain ~ I was on top of the world
Ó bhun go barr ~ From top to bottom
Dubh le daoine ~ Packed with people
Bhí an turas fhada agus tuirsiúil ~ The journey was long and tiring
Ní raibh mé ábalta aon rud a dhéanamh ~ I wasn’t able to do anything
Gan féachaint ar dheis nó ar chlé ~ Without looking right or left
Ar mo bhealach ~ On my way
Saor ó locht ~ Free from blame
Bhí / Tá an ghrian ag scoilteadh na gcloch ~ The sun was / is splitting the stones
Tá a lán cairde nua agam anois ~ I have a lot of new friends now
Tá súil agam go bhfeicfidh mé tú an bhliain seo chugainn ~ I hope that I will see you next year
Mothaím tú uaim ~ I miss you
Ní hé lá na báistí lá na bpáistí ~ A rainy day is not a day for childrenPhotography site - https://www.sryanbruenphoto.com/
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Thanks for these. . Hate writing business notes. . Do you have any other chapters pretty please. .0
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Thanks for these. . Hate writing business notes. . Do you have any other chapters pretty please. .
Yep.. any specific chapters you would like?Photography site - https://www.sryanbruenphoto.com/
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Thanks a mill... Anything on people at work, the employer and Industrial relations0
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People At Work
Terms
Work - is when a person does something productive. You work when you do homework, study or help at home. Therefore, you get nothing in return as in payment.
Employment - is when a person gets paid to work. If you have a job in a shop, you are employed.
Unemployment - if a person is looking for employment but cannot find a job, they are said to be unemployed. To be counted as unemployed, you must be between the ages of 16 and 66, available for work and not in full-time education. A person must be looking for work to be counted as unemployed.
The Labour Force - consists of everybody who is available to work. This includes the employed, unemployed and self-employed.
Types of employees
Unskilled - work which does not require any special training. It often involves physical labour and the rate of pay tends to be low, e.g. bin collector.
Semi-skilled - work which requires some training. Most semi-skilled workers are trained to use one machine or do one job, e.g. a person trained to use a sewing machine.
Skilled - work which requires specialist training to do a particular job. E.g. carpenters and hairdressers are skilled.
Professional - workers that have a professional qualification(s), usually from a university. They need this particular qualification to do particular work. E.g. teachers, solicitors and doctors are professional.
Natures of work
Manual - involves physical work, e.g. gardening.
Clerical - involves typing, filing etc, e.g. receptionist.
Creative - requires imagination, e.g. writer.
Administrative - involves supervising or managing the work of others, e.g. manager.
The employee's rights and responsibilities
Rights- Fair day's pay
- To be treated equally to other employees
- Fair number of paid holidays per year
- To join a union
- To work in a healthy, safe environment
Responsibilities- Good punctuation (be on time)
- Obey all rules and regulations
- Not to give away company secrets
- Co-operate with other workers
- To look after your employer's property
Rewards & risks of self-employment
Rewards- You are your own boss
- You make all the decisions
- You keep all the profits
- Your own suitable working times
- Decide what product or service to sell
Risks- Unlimited liability - If the business fails, you risked losing everything
- May have to work long hours
- Have to provide the capital to set up and run the business
- You make all the decisions
Organisational Structure
Typical organisational chart (comes up nearly every year)
Shareholders
↓
Board of directors
↓
Managing director
↓
Department managers (e.g. of departments: Sales department, finance department, production department)
↓
Supervisors
↓
Staff workers
↓Photography site - https://www.sryanbruenphoto.com/
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The Employer
Rights & responsibilities of the employer
Rights- To hire suitable staff
- To expect employees to be loyal to the business
- To decide the objectives of the business
- To fire staff if there is a legitimate reason (e.g. stealing)
Responsibilities- Equal pay for equal work
- To give employees contracts
- To allow staff their annual paid holidays
- To keep appropriate records for tax purposes
- To maintain a safe and healthy workplace
- To ensure there is no discrimination in the workplace
Steps involved in hiring staff- Job description - what needs to be done?
- Advertise - where?
- Letter of application - a CV, an application form from candidates
- Short listing - pick the best candidates
- Interview the candidates
- Selection - Select the most suitable candidate
- Candidate is notified
- Contract - terms and conditions of work, e.g. hours, pay etc
- Training - of the new employee
- Employer and employee inform local tax offices - arrangements are made to make the correct PAYE and PRSI deductions
- Probationary period - before being permanently employed
How to make a job advertisement- Name the employer
- Position to be filled
- Qualifications and experience of the candidate
- Personality of the candidate
- How to apply
- Closing date
- State that the company is an equal opportunities employer
- Plan where to advertise the advert
Calculating rates of pay
Time rate - You are paid a rate per hour for a normal working week. Extra work is paid with overtime, usually at a higher rate.
Piece rate - You are paid for each item produced.
Commission - You get paid a certain % of the value of goods that you sell. A bonus may be paid as well if certain targets are met.
Salary - You get paid a fixed sum per month to do a job.
Flexitime - Employees are free to choose their own working hours.
Subsidised - An employers pays some of the cost of something so the employees get cheaper food.
Income tax forms
P60 - Given to the employee by the employer at the end of the year. It shows the total pay, PAYE (pay as you earn) and PRSI (pay related social insurance) for the year.
P45 Cessation Certificate - Given to an employee when he/she leaves a firm.
Payslip - Given to the employee by the employer at the end of the week which shows their gross pay, all the deductions and their net pay. Sometimes a payslip is known as a wage slip.
Wages book - Employers need to record their wages and salaries paid. This is done in the wages book. The total cost of wages and employer's PRSI is calculated. The information for the payslip is extracted from the wages book.
Payment of wages and salaries
Wages and salaries can be paid by cash, by cheque or by credit transfer. Cash payment is unusual nowadays.
Coin/Note analysis
If wages are paid in cash, the employer needs to do a coin/note analysis. This gives a breakdown of how many of each coin/note will be required.Photography site - https://www.sryanbruenphoto.com/
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Industrial Relations
- Industrial relations - refers to the relationship that exists between employers and employees in the workplace.
- Good industrial relations lead to:
- Higher productivity
- A happier workforce
- A more motivated workforce
- Increasing sales
- Bad industrial relations lead to:
- Strikes
- Unhealthy working conditions
- Decreasing sales
Trade Unions- A trade union is a group of workers who come together to protect their interests.
- Everyone can join a trade union except the army and the Garda.
Functions of a Trade Union- Get better pay and working conditions.
- Collect subscriptions.
- Represent workers in talks with the employers.
- Training and education courses.
- Give advice.
Types of Trade Unions- Craft unions: Oldest trade unions. Do an apprenticeship in this industry, e.g. Irish Masters Butchers.
- Industrial unions: All unions and workers work in the same industry, e.g. Banks.
- General union: Different types of unions, e.g. SIPTU - Service Industrial Professional Technical Union.
- White collar union: Professional workers, e.g. Teachers - ASTI.
Shop Steward- A shop steward is the union representative in the workplace.
- He/she is elected by his/her co-workers.
- Collects subscriptions.
- Recruits new members.
- Solves problems before a dispute arises.
- Negotiates agreements.
ICTU- Irish Congress of Trade Union.
- Governing body of trade unions in Ireland.
- It provides once voice for trade unions.
- Represents trade unions in talks with the government.
- Gives advice and training to members.
IBEC- Irish Business Employers Confederation.
- Represents employers in talks with the government.
- Gives its members advice on industrial relations problems.
Industrial Disputes- An industrial dispute is where a disagreement occurs between management and unions in the workplace. E.g. ASTI in dispute with government over the new Junior Cert.
- The main causes of industrial disputes include:
- Rates of pay.
- Conditions of work.
- Dismissal / suspension of an employee.
- Management not recognising a trade union.
- Unfair treatment of a worker.
Third party organisations that help solve a dispute
1. The Labour Relations Commission (LRC)- It was set up to help solve disputes.
- It provides trained people who will bring an employee and employer together to try solve the dispute.
- An agreement is called conciliation.
2. The Labour Court- There are three people on the Labour Court Committee who listen to both sides and make a decision about what they think should happen.
- This time, you must accept the decision and this is process is known as arbitration.
3. Equality Officer- The equality officer listens to both sides and makes a decision.
- E.g. A more senior person has been passed over for promotion.
Photography site - https://www.sryanbruenphoto.com/
Weather photo portfolio - https://sryanbruen.myportfolio.com/weather-1
0 - Industrial relations - refers to the relationship that exists between employers and employees in the workplace.
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Sample answer for the poem 'An Gleann inar Tógadh Mé' for the section Filíocht
(i) Rinne mé staidéar ar an dán “An Gleann Inar Tógadh Mé” le Dubhghlas de hÍde i rith mo chúrsa. Is é ábhar an dáin seo ná an Dúlra.
(ii) Rugadh an file sa Gleann. Bhí sé an-sásta sa Ghleann nuair a bhí sé óg. Bhain sé taitneamh as na rudaí a rinne sé ansin, "Shiúil sé ó áit go háit". Bhí grá aige don dúlra. Luaigh sé an giorria agus an fia agus sruthán sléibhe. Thaitin an t-uisce fuair úr go mór leis, "San uisce fíor ba mhór mo dhúil". Bhí sé sásta sa Ghleann. Bhí grá aige don Ghleann. Ní raibh eagla air roimh aon rud sa Ghleann. Léim a bhád ar bharr na habhann. Cheap sé go raibh sé ábalta breith ar an ngaoth. Cheap sé go raibh dath an óir ar gach rud ina áit dhúchais sa Ghleann, "sa ghleann inar tógadh mé". Cheap sé go raibh sé ábalta aon rud a dhéanamh.Photography site - https://www.sryanbruenphoto.com/
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Hi, Does anyone have notes on the themes for Subh Milis by Seamus O Neil? I have some on bron but dont have any on gra or fearg. Thanks0
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Useful phrases for An Filíocht - Poetry
1. Ar thaitin an Dán Leat? - Did you enjoy the Poem?
Thaitin an dán seo liom. - I enjoyed this poem.
Thaitin an dán seo go mór liom. - I really enjoyed this poem.
Bhain mé an-taitneamh as an dán seo. - I really enjoyed this poem.
Rinne an dán seo imprisean mór orm. - This poem made a big impression on me.
Chuaigh an dán seo i gcion go mór orm. - This poem really impressed/influenced me.
Mhúscail an dán seo áthas/brón/etc. ionam - This poem aroused .. in me.
Is breá liom an chaoi a gcuireann an t-údar .. os ár gcomhair - I love the way the author presents us with ..
Is breá liom an cur síos ar .. - I love the description of ..
Níor thaitin an dán seo liom mórán - I didn't enjoy this poem much.
Níor thaitin an dán seo liom ar chor ar bith! - I didn't enjoy this poem at all!
Chuir an dán seo fearg orm! - This poem angered me!
Chuir an dán seo déistin orm! - This poem disgusted me!
Ní maith liom an cur síos ar .. - I don't like the description of ..
2. Cén fáth? - Why?
Ar an gcéád dul síos .. - In the first instance ..
Sa chéád áit .. - In the first place ..
An chéád chúis a ndeirim sin ná .. - The first reason I say that is (that) ..
Chomh maith leis sin - As well as that
Ina theannta sin - As well as that
Fáth eile is ea go/gur .. - Anothr reason is that ..
Is (gur) dóigh liom go bhfuil an dán seo .. - (that) I think this poem is ..
I mo thuairimse, tá (go bhfuil) an dán seo .. - In my opinion, (that) this poem is ..
Extra vocab
__________
dea-scríofa - well written; spreagúil - exciting; greannmhar - funny; drámatúil - dramatic; brónach - sad; truamhéálach - sad/pathetic; cumhachtach - powerful; éifeachtach - effective; suimiúil - interesting; rómansúil - romantic; macánta - honest; breá aerach - light-hearted.
leamh - unexciting; leadránach - boring; do-chreidte - unbelievable; mí-réadúil - unrealistic; scríofa go dona - badly written; seobhaineach - chauvinistic; seafóideach - silly; áiféisteach - ridiculous; róghruama - too gloomy.0 -
Rinne mé staidéár ar an dán Teilifís le Gabriel Rosenstock i rith mo chúrsa. Measaim go bhfuil an téáma cion ag an bhfile ar dhuine áirithe le feiceáil go soiléir sa dán seo.
Insíonn an file dúinn faoi eachtra bheag a tharla nuair a bhí a iníon, Saffron, an-óg. Deir sé linn gur tháinig sí isteach chúige sa seomra codlata maidin amháin agus go ndúirt sí leis gur theastaigh uaithi dul síos an staighre chun clár teilifíse a fheiceáil. Bhí a fhios ag an bhfile nárbh fhiú dó diúlta don bhean bheag cheanndána seo agus thug sé cead a cinn dí.
Ar a cúig a chlog ar maidin
Theastaigh an téilifís uahithi.
An féidir argóint le beainín
Dhá bhliain go leith?
Tá sé soiléir go raibh an file an-cheanúil ar a iníon agus gur chuir sé gliondar air a bheith ina cuideachta fiú ar a cúig a chlog ar maidin! Bhí sé an-fhoigneach agus tuisceanach cé nach raibh sé ina dhúiseacht fós !
Deir an file go ndeachaigh an bheirt acu síos an staighre le chéile agus gur shuigh siad sa seomra suí a bhi an-fhuar an fad. Chuir siad an teilifís ar siúl ach ní raibh aon chlár á chraoldadh fós. Bhí spotaí bána ar an scáileán ach shamhlaigh an naíonán go bhfaca sí sneachta agus roinnt ainmhithe agus ní dhearna a hathair neamhshuim de na rudái a bhí aimsithe aici:
Ach chonaic sise sneachta
Is sioráf trid an sneachta
Is ulchabhán Artach
Ag faoileáil
Ós a chionn.
Cruthaíonn an file pictiúr de pháiste óg neamhurchóideach a chuireann ionadh air ach is é an grá mór atá aige di an mothúchán is láidre sa dán.0 -
Wow this is really helpful thank youRinne mé staidéár ar an dán Teilifís le Gabriel Rosenstock i rith mo chúrsa. Measaim go bhfuil an téáma cion ag an bhfile ar dhuine áirithe le feiceáil go soiléir sa dán seo.
Insíonn an file dúinn faoi eachtra bheag a tharla nuair a bhí a iníon, Saffron, an-óg. Deir sé linn gur tháinig sí isteach chúige sa seomra codlata maidin amháin agus go ndúirt sí leis gur theastaigh uaithi dul síos an staighre chun clár teilifíse a fheiceáil. Bhí a fhios ag an bhfile nárbh fhiú dó diúlta don bhean bheag cheanndána seo agus thug sé cead a cinn dí.
Ar a cúig a chlog ar maidin
Theastaigh an téilifís uahithi.
An féidir argóint le beainín
Dhá bhliain go leith?
Tá sé soiléir go raibh an file an-cheanúil ar a iníon agus gur chuir sé gliondar air a bheith ina cuideachta fiú ar a cúig a chlog ar maidin! Bhí sé an-fhoigneach agus tuisceanach cé nach raibh sé ina dhúiseacht fós !
Deir an file go ndeachaigh an bheirt acu síos an staighre le chéile agus gur shuigh siad sa seomra suí a bhi an-fhuar an fad. Chuir siad an teilifís ar siúl ach ní raibh aon chlár á chraoldadh fós. Bhí spotaí bána ar an scáileán ach shamhlaigh an naíonán go bhfaca sí sneachta agus roinnt ainmhithe agus ní dhearna a hathair neamhshuim de na rudái a bhí aimsithe aici:
Ach chonaic sise sneachta
Is sioráf trid an sneachta
Is ulchabhán Artach
Ag faoileáil
Ós a chionn.
Cruthaíonn an file pictiúr de pháiste óg neamhurchóideach a chuireann ionadh air ach is é an grá mór atá aige di an mothúchán is láidre sa dán.0 -
Hate to be a bother again but does anyone have notes on why I like The Early purges by Seamus Heaney as it is so descriptive?0
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juniorachiever wrote: »Hate to be a bother again but does anyone have notes on why I like The Early purges by Seamus Heaney as it is so descriptive?
Seriously, I'm not being smart, but why not just answer the question yourself?
Why do you like it?
It is descriptive.
Give examples of where it was descriptive.0 -
juniorachiever wrote: »Hate to be a bother again but does anyone have notes on why I like The Early purges by Seamus Heaney as it is so descriptive?
Yeah here ya go. By me and corrected by my teacher:
Of all the poems I have examined, Seamus Heaney's 'The Early Purges' is the most disturbing. This poem recalls an incident in Heaney's own childhood: The drowning of kittens. However, what makes this more horrific is the change of Heaney's attitude towards the cruelty of animals as he grows up.
As a caring, innocent youngster, Heaney is appalled by Dan Taggart drowning the kittens. I understood his horror at hearing the kittens' "soft paws scraping" in the bucket of war; they were struggling to survive. Ironically, Taggart tries to persuade the young Heaney that the kittens are better off dead: "Sure isn't it better for them now". Like me, Heaney does think so and throughout his childhood, his revulsion is felt at such times of cruelty as when Taggart broke hens' necks "with a sickening thug". The child truly understands how cruelty can never be justified.
However, a very disturbing element of the poem is that while the child saw cruelty as unacceptable, when the child becomes an adult, he regards cruelty as a necessity. Just as Dan Taggart felt no sympathy for the animals he killed, the adult is indifferent. "When shrill pups... drown, I just shrug. Bloody pups. It makes sense". As an adult, his former pity is replaced by the view that some animals are merely pests and that killing them "makes sense". I cannot help but feel utterly disturbed by how the speaker's views changed from those of compassions to beliefs that animal cruelty is essential.
'The Early Purges' is a distinctive poem. Certainly it examines many issues that appear in many poems; Nature, childhood, growing up. However, the extreme change in this person's views on animal cruelty is disturbing. Life has truly hardened this person and I hope life never affects me in such a negative way.Photography site - https://www.sryanbruenphoto.com/
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Join Date:Posts: 25769
That's not notes. That's an answer.
@juniorachiever Doesn't your teacher teach you how to write your own answer?0 -
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Join Date:Posts: 25769
Please stick to the topic and post only notes here, not sample answers to unknown questions.
This thread is not for homework help and any more requests for such will be deleted.0 -
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Does anyone have *notes* ( And I highlight the word notes) on the treaty in irish history0
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If you click on 'search this thread' and enter 'treaty', you will get lots of hits.0 -
Anyone have nare an oul list of seanfhocail by any chance?0
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Join Date:Posts: 25769
Account Number wrote: »Anyone have nare an oul list of seanfhocail by any chance?
http://www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showpost.php?p=70793079&postcount=3820 -
I thought I'd bump this just because how it's such an awesome thread, very useful for students and is way down in the forum.
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Hi would anyone have rapid revision geography junior cert that they are finished with.. mine one got destroyed and it's out of print and I loved it 😂0
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F: An example of weathering is Freeze-Thaw Action`
E: When you get higher up it gets gradually colder. Near the peak of mountains it is above freezing temperature by day and below freezing by night. Water seeps into cracks in the rocks in the day. At night, the water freezes and expands, putting pressure on the rocks. Over time, the process continues, weakening the rock and making it collapse. The collapsed rock then gathers at the base of the slope, and is called Scree.
E: An example of this is Croagh Patrick in Co. Mayo
F: Limestone Pavement
E: Rainwater falls onto the exposed limestone. This rainwater then passes through vertical koints in the limestone. Carbonation then causes weathering of both the entire surface and the joints, and they become wider as a result. This creates gaps called grikes and the blocks that are left in between the grikes are called clints.
E: The Burren, Co. Clare
F: Swallow Hole
E: Rivers can dissolve limestone. A river which may begin in a non-limestone area, can disappear underground when it reaches a limestone surface. This occurs because the water widens the joints and bedding planes of the limestone rock through carbonation.
The river will then disappear underground through a swallow hole. Swallow holes vary in size, depending on how large or small the river is.
E: Pollnagollum swallow hole, The Burren, Co. Clare
F: Stalactites
E: As water seeps through the rock, it carries dissolved limestone with it. It eventually reaches the roof of a cave. The drops evaporate, leaving small deposits of pure limestone called calcite behind. Gradually the calcite builds up to form stalactites.
E: Ailwee Caves
F: Soil Creep
E: Soil creep is the movement of soil down a slope under the influence of gravity. It is the slowest form of mass movement, and becomes evident only when you examine the landscape closely. As the soil moves downslope, a series of steps called terracettes can form, giving the surface a wrinkled appearance. Trees grow at an angle, with the base of the tree turned downslope Walls crack and break when soil piles up behind them. Fences and telegraph poles bend or tilt downhill.
E: Clare-Island, Co. Galway
F: Bog Burst
E: A bog burst occurs when a mass of bog or peat moves down a slope after a period of heavy rainfall. The peat becomes saturated, and water can no longer soak downwards. The peat moves downslope and can block roads, knock down trees, damages roads and buildings, and pollute lakes and rivers.
E: Derrybrien, Co. Galway/Mayo
F: Mudflows
E: Mudflows occur when soil and regolith become saturated with water, and move downslope like a river of mud. They are the fastest form of mass movement and can reach speeds of over 100km per hour. Mudflows can occur after periods of heavy rainfall, or in the aftermath of a volcano In snowy regions, a volcanic eruption will cause snow and ice to melt quickly. This meltwater mixes with ash, soil and rock to create a particularly dangerous form of mudflows which are called lahars
E: Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia
Alright, I think that's enough for now. This is my first post so I thought I might as well make it useful. If anyone needs anymore more of these let me know and I'll see what I have Btw, they are supposed to be F.E.E.D's (Feature, Explain, Example, Diagram) but I don't know how to insert pictures so you'll need to find those online. Hope I helped!0 -
Here are some useful CSPE notes though some of them are outdated.
Photography site - https://www.sryanbruenphoto.com/
Weather photo portfolio - https://sryanbruen.myportfolio.com/weather-1
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Music: General Study
Disco music
Pieces
I Feel Love - Donna Summer
ABBA - Voulez Vous
Feature 1: Rhythm
Disco has a steady and repetitive 4/4 rhythm pattern also known as a ‘Four on the floor’ that was initially played on the drum kit but beginning in the late 1970’s drum machines have also became popular in Disco music. The characteristic pattern features the bass drum played on every beat on the bar with a Snare on beats 2 and 4 though some Disco songs lack this pattern and use a simple backbeat.
Feature 2: Instruments
In Disco the instruments are reasonably varied though there are some key instruments that are necessary for Disco’s characteristic sound. The melody is usually played by electric piano, organs or clavinet with a strong and syncopated accompaniment from bass guitar, rhythm guitar played on the electric guitar, a string section and a brass section. Disco songs especially from the late 1970’s and early 1980’s to the present often feature synthesisers which can replace the aforementioned brass instruments, string instruments and bass guitar in some cases such as in the song ‘I Feel Love’ by Donna Summer which features a sparse arrangement of only vocals, synthesiser and drum machine.
Feature 3: Mood
Disco music often has a bright and lively mood for several reasons. As a result of the music being made for dancing in nightclubs initially, the moderate to fast tempos in the music and the lyrics which usually are uplifting stories that concern love, dancing or music itself such as in the song ‘Music’ by Madonna.Photography site - https://www.sryanbruenphoto.com/
Weather photo portfolio - https://sryanbruen.myportfolio.com/weather-1
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Random Irish vocabulary
Cén aidhm? - What is the aim?
Díomá - Disappointment
Náire - Shame
Ag stealladh báistí - Lashing rain
Lár an earraigh - The middle of Spring
Préachta - Frozen
Imníoch - Anxiety
Sciorr - To skid
Go dona - Badly
Gortaithe - Hurt
Cén bhaint? - What association?
Ar fáil - Available
Sceitimíní - Excitement
Eagla - Fear / Scared / Afraid
Ag scoilteadh le pian - Splitting with pain
Tús an tsamhraidh - The beginning of Summer
Dúchais - Native
Faitíos - Fear
Buail le - To meet
Go deo - Forever
Críochnaithe - Finished
Cén chomhairle? - What advice?
Ar siúl - Taking place (Bhí ...... ar siúl - Took place) (See how tense can change here as in the verb "Bí")
Ocras - Hungry / Hunger
Tart - Thirsty / Thirst
Ag gearán - Complaining
Deireadh an fhómhair - The end of Autumn
Lag - Weak
Luachmhar - Valuable
Creid - To believe
Go tobann - Suddenly
Plódaithe - Packed
Cén chaoi? - How?
Dar leis an údar - According to the author
Áthas - Joy / Happiness
Sásta - Happy
Ag preabadh - Beating
Lár an gheimhridh - The middle of Winter
Maith - Good
Iontach - Wonderful / Great
Fág - To leave
Go dtí an - To the
Scriosta - Wrecked
Cén t-eolas? - What information?
An sliocht - The piece
Difríocht - A difference
Cosúlacht - A similarity
Bean an tí - The woman of the house
Ag cur fola - Bleeding
Le feiceáil - To be seen
Te - Hot
Deacair - Hard
Éirigh - To get up / To rise
Go bhfuil - That is
Ar saoire - On holiday(s)
Cén airde? - What height?
An baile - The town
Socruithe - Arrangements
Taithí - Experience
Trasna an bhóthair - Across the road
Ag seinm ceoil - Playing music
Le déanamh - To be done
Mall - Slow
Furasta / Éasca - Easy
Éist le - To listen (to)
I bhfolach - Hiding
Tubaiste a tharla - A disaster that happened
Cá fhad? - How long?
Geit - Fright
Comharsana - Neighbours
Bréag - A lie
Ag deireadh na hoíche - At the end of the night
Ag caitheamh - Wearing
Le caitheamh - To be worn
Fionn - Fair
Trom - Heavy
Bagair - To threaten
Níos measa - Worse
Saol - Life
Cad a deirtear? - What is said?
Gnáth - Normal / Ordinary
Tuairim - Opinion
Áit - Place
Timpeall na háite - Around the place
Ag an am céanna - At the same time
Le ceannach - To be purchased
Dorcha - Dark
An chéad - The first
Buaigh - To win
Is fearr - Best
A leanas - Following
Cá bhfios dúinn? - How do we know?
Os cionn - Above
Meán - Average
Beag - Small
Mór - Big
Timpeall an domhain - Around the world
Ar deargbhuile - Raging
Le buaite - To be won
Chomh - As
Roimh - Before
Íoc - To pay
Níos giorra - Shorter
Otharcharr - Ambulance
Cad ba chúis le? - What was the reason for?
Den - Of the / Off the
Déanach - Late
Slán - Goodbye
Buidéil - Bottles
Torann - A noise
Ar son an rúin - For the motion
Ag séideadh - Blowing
Le scríobh - To be wrote
Rud éigin - Something
Tuismitheoirí - Parents
Arís - Again
Seas - To stand
Is faide - Longest
Cois farraige - Beside the sea
Cén buntáiste? - What advantage?
Thar - Over
Ionadh - Surprise
Gliondar - Delight
Fearg - Angry
I láthair na huaire - At this moment
Ag ithe - Eating
Le foghlaim - To be learnt
Duine éigin - Somebody
Éinne - Anyone
Roinnt airgid - Some money
Caillte - Lost
Mínigh - To explain
Níos salaí - Dirtier
In aice an tí - Beside the house
Cén tír? - What country?
Tríd - Through
Uaigneas - Lonely
Éad - Jealous
Gaol - Relation
Tuilleadh eolais - More information
Ag iarraidh - Wanting / To want
Le caint - To be talked about
Fón póca - Mobile phone
Fadhb - Problem
Más é do thoil é - Please
Easpa suime - Lack of interest
Craiceáilte - Crazy
Tuig - To understand
Is boichte - Poorest / Most poor
Neart talainne - Lots of talent
Cén dóigh? - In what way?
Leis an - With the / To the
Cairdeas - Friendship
Áthas na hóige - Joy of youth
Ádh - Luck
Grámhar - Loving
Ag insint - Telling
Rómhinic - Too often
Drugaí - Drugs
Foirfe - Perfect
Misneach - Courage
Ag lorg oibre - Looking for work
Saghas saoil - Sort of life
Bí súil ag - To hope (So for example, Tá súil agam - I hope, Tá súil agat - You hope etc)
Níos sine - Older
Déan cur síos (ar) - Describe
Teaghlach - Family
Meán oíche - Midnight
Ag argóint - Arguing
Leadránach - Boring
Leamh - Dull
Beirt - Two people
Gruama - Gloomy
Pobal - Community
Faoiseamh - Relief
Earraí - Items
Is tanaí - Thinnest
Fill - To return
Teicnící - Techniques
Codarsnacht - Contrast
Cosúlacht - Comparison / Similarity
Meafar - Metaphor
Samhail - Simile
Uaim - Alliteration
Comhfhocail - Compound words
Onamataipé - Onomatopoeia
An fallás truamhéalach - The pathetic fallacy
Dúlra - Nature
Bás - Death
Cuimhne na hóige - Memory of youth
Áilleacht - Beauty
Áit dúchais - Native place
Dóchas - Hope (noun)
Briseadh croí - Heartbreak
Bród - Pride
Cá / Cár? - Where?
Clocha sneachta - Hailstones
Ag cur isteach orm - Annoying me
Tréithe - Traits
Ramhar - Fat
Ait / aisteach - Strange
Triúr - Three people
Ag comhaireamh - Counting
Sráidbhaile - Village
Óstán - Hotel
Halla aclaíochta - Gym
Dubhach - Depressed
Ganntannas airgid - Lack of money
Ar fud na hÉireann - Around Ireland
Níos fusa - Easier
Cé leis? - Who owns?
Deartháir - Brother
Mac - Son
Deirfiúr - Sister
Iníon - Daughter
Ceathanna - Showers (weather)
Leithleasach - Selfish
Ceanndána - Stubborn / headstrong
Ceathrar - Four people
Peata - Pet
Amharclann - Theatre
Sa cheantar máguaird - In the surrounding area
Is saibhre - Richest
Cad chuige? - Why?
Meán lae - Midday
Ceo - Fog
Athair - Father
Máthair - Mother
Ciallmhar - Sensible
Santach - Greedy
Cúigear - Five people
Bialann - Restaurant
Teach tábhairne - Pub
Scrúduithe - Exams
An Teastas Sóisearach - Junior Cert
Seomra folctha - Bathroom
Níos troimhe - Heavier
Cathain? - When?
Mamó - Granny
Daideo - Granddad
Garmhac - Grandson
Athair baistí - Godfather
Máthair bháistí - Godmother
Seisear - Six people
Teasaí - Hot tempered
Ardnósach - Snobbish
Tuisceanach - Understanding
Teach scoite - Detached house
Aerfort - Airport
Club óige - Youth club
Is áille - Loveliest
Cé mhéad? - How many?
Eanáir - January
Feabhra - February
Márta - March
Seachtar - Seven people
Éirimiúil - Talented
Glic - Sly
Cliste - Clever
Rudaí - Things
Teach leathscoite - Semi-detached house
Taobh amuigh - Outside
Ollmhargadh - Supermarket
Níos tapúla - Faster
Cén fhianaise? - What evidence?
Aibreán - April
Bealtaine - May
Meitheamh - June
Intleachtúil - Intelligent
Flaithiúil - Generous
Fáiltiúil - Welcoming
Bungaló - Bungalow
In aice láimhe - Close by
Linn snámha - Swimming pool
Amach - Out
Is cáiliúla - Most famous
Cé acu is fearr leat? - Which do you prefer?
Iúil - July
Lúnasa - August
Meán Fómhair - September
Míonna - Months
Laethanta - Days
Mí - Month
Lá - Day
Ochtar - Eight people
Neirbhíseach - Nervous
Stáisiún traenach - Train station
Príomhoide - Principal
Níos fíochmhaire - More fierce
Cé hé? - Who's he?
Deireadh Fómhair - October
Samhain - November
Nollaig - December
Clog - Clock
Am - Time
Aimsir - Weather
Ábhair - Subjects
Naonúr - Nine people
Eastát tithíochta - Housing estate
Grian - Sun
Teanga - Language
Anam - Soul
Is lú - Smallest
Cé dó? - For whom?
Dé Luain - Monday
Dé Máirt - Tuesday
Dé Céadaoin - Wednesday
Daoine - People
Seid - Shed
Uisce - Water
Mothúcháin - Emotions
Deichniúr - Ten people
Gaeilge - Irish
Béarla - English
Fraincis - French
Ceolchoirm - Concert
Níos deacra - More difficult
Cárbh as do? - Where's ____ from? (so like: Cárbh as duit? - Where's you from? or Cárbh as dó? - Where's he from?)
Déardaoin - Thursday
Dé hAoine - Friday
Dé Sathairn - Saturday
Domhnach - Sunday
Éire - Ireland
Gearmáinis - German
Iodáilis - Italian
Spáinnis - Spanish
Trá - Beach
I bhfolach - Hiding
Foclóir - Dictionary
Oileán - Island
Ainmnigh - Name / To name
Soicind - Second
Ealaín - Art
Eagrú Gnó - Business Studies
Matamaitic - Mathematics / Maths
Stair - History
Bláthanna - Flowers
Peile - Football
Foraoise - Forest
Loch - Lake
Oighear - Ice
Leanbh - Baby
Cá háit? - Where?
Léine - Shirt
Seaicéad - Jacket
Pitseáimí - Pyjamas
Tireolaíocht - Geography
Fisic - Physics
Ceimic - Chemistry
Leithreas - Toilet
Cuisneoir - Refrigerator / Fridge
Cén drochscéal? - What bad news?
Flichshneachta - Sleet
Reiligiún - Religion
Eacnamaíocht Bhaile - Home Economics
Eolaíocht - Science
Bitheolaíocht - Biology
Feadóg stáin - Tin whistle
Feadóg mhór - Flute
Snagcheol - Jazz music
Corn - Cup
Físeán - Video
Gairid - Short
Bainistíocht ama - Time management
Inspioráid - Inspiration
Abhaile - Home
Fíorghreannmhar - Hilarious
Cuir eagla ar - To scare
Coiméide - Comedy
Trí chéile - In a mess
Déagóirí - Teenagers
Raice - Racket (Noise)
Cleachtaigh - To practice
Iris - Magazine
Páipéar nuachta - Newspaper
Scéalta - Stories
Míphearsanta - Impersonal
Cinsireacht - Censorship
Mí-oiriúnach - Unsuitable
Pobal - Public
Fógraí - Advertisements
Faisean - Fashion
Ceannlíne - Headline
Tuairisceoir - Reporter
Caighdeán - Standard
Bréagáin - Toys
Mná - Women
Fir - Men
Obair bhaile - Homework
Céim - Degree
Costasach - Expensive
Díospóireacht - Debate
Dátheangach - Bilingua
Dánta - Poems
Oidhreacht - Heritage
Neamhspléachas - Independence
Bunscoil - Primary school
Ag magadh faoi - Teasing
Gairmscoil - Vocational school
Scoil mheasctha - Mixed school
Líníocht Theicniúil - Technical Graphics
Eolaíocht Talmhaíochta - Agricultural Science
Laidin - Latin
Cuntasaíocht - Accounting
Ózón - Ozone
Aibhneacha - Rivers
Caomhnú - Preservation
Ag spochadh as - Slagging
Bulaithe - Bullies
Clós - Yard
Ardghiúmar - Great humour
Bualadh bos - Applause
Cúilín - Point
Cúl - Goal
Ó dhúchas - Originally
Laoch - Hero
Bochtanas - Poverty
Imirce - Emigration
Andúiligh drugaí - Drug addicts
Píolóta - Pilot
Bog - To move
Vaimpír - Vampire
Mic tíre - Wolves
Treibh - Tribe
Comhneartú - Confirmation
Grianghraf - Photo
Ag sult - Enjoying
Ar clé - Left
Ar dheis - Right
Chéad Chomhaoineach - First Holy Communion
Cúpla - Twins
Comhionann - Identical
De ghnáth - Usually
Fiáin - Wild
Giodamach - Giddy
Spíceach - Spiky
Catach - Curly
Díreach - Straight
Maol - Bald
Bán - Blonde
Rua - Red hair
Trilseáin - Plaits
Frainse - Fringe
Gearr - Short
Fada - Long
Gorm - Blue
Glas - Green
Dubh - Black
Donn - Brown
Corcra - Purple
Buí - Yellow
Dearg - Red
Bándearg - Pink
Liath - Grey
Bán - White
Ball - Member
Banna - Band
Popcheoil - Pop music
Ceoltóir - Musician
Cráifeach - Religious
Tréadaí - Pastor
Soiscéalach - Evangelical
Diaibéiteas - Diabetes
Albam - Album
Díol - To sell
Caol - Slender
Leathan - Broad
Tanaí - Thin
Gránna - Ugly
Gleoite - Lovely
Neamhspléach - Independent
Cainteach - Chatty
Fiosrach - Nosy / Inquisitive
Tuisceanach - Understanding
Gealgháireach - Cheerful
Comhlacht - Company
Díograiseach - Diligent
Fiaclóir - Dentist
Síceolaí - Psychologist
Cógaiseoir - Pharmacist
Iascaire - Fisherman
Tréidlia - Vet
Scríobhneoir - Writer
Amhránaí - Singer
Ailtire - Architect
Tógálaí - Builder
Meicneoir - Mechanic
Tiománaí - Driver
Feighlí leanaí - Child minder
Freastalaí siopa - Shop assistant
Freastalaí - Waiter
Oibrí oifige - Office worker
Ceantálaí - Auctioneer
Cuntasóir - Accountant
Fisiteiripeoir - Physiotherapist
Leabharlannaí - Librarian
Bunmhúinteoir - Primary school teacher
Meánmhúinteoir - Secondary school teacher
Siúinéir - Carpenter
Leictreoir - Electrician
Gruagaire - Hairdresser
Cócaire - Cooker / Chef
Iriseoir - Journalist
Fáilteoir - Receptionist
Saighdiúr - Soldier
Fear gnó - Business man
Bean gnó - Business woman
Coileán - Puppy
Piscín - Kitten
Hamstar - Hamster
Luch - Mouse
Iasc órga - Goldfish
Cat - Cat
Madra - Dog
Coinín - Rabbit
Éan - Bird
Pearóid - Parrot
Capall - Horse
Nathair - Snak
Spotaí - Spots
Cás - Cage
Ag súgradh - Playing
Stábla - Stable
Baile Átha Cliath - Dublin
Iarmhí - Westmeath
Lú - Louth
Ceatharlach - Carlow
Cill Mhantáin - Wicklow
Loch Garman - Wexford
Cill Chainnigh - Kilkenny
Laois - Laois
Cill Dara - Kildare
Uíbh Fhailí - Offaly
Mí - Meath
Longfort - Longford
Laighean - Leinster
Cúige - Province
Contaetha - Counties
Uladh - Ulster
Muineachán - Monaghan
Fear Manach - Fermanagh
Doire - Derry
An Dún - Down
Aontroim - Antrim
Tír Eoghain - Tyrone
Dún na nGall - Donegal
An Cabhán - Carvan
Ard Mhacha - Armagh
Connacht - Connacht
Liatroim - Leitrim
Maigh Eo - Mayo
Gaillimh - Galway
Sligeach - Sligo
Ros Comáin - Roscommon
Mumhan - Munster
Ciarraí - Kerry
An Clár - Clare
Corcaigh - Cork
Tiobraid Árann - Tipperary
Port Láirge - Waterford
Luimneach - Limerick
Cathracha - Cities
Trá Lí - Tralee
Cill Áirne - Killarney
An Daingean - Dingle
An Cóbh - Cobh
Baile na hAille - Clifden
Baile Brigín - Balbriggan
Dún Dealgan - Dundalk
Cluain Meala - Clonmel
Baile Átha Luain - Athlone
An Uaimh - Navan
Cathair na Mart - Westport
Caisleán an Bharraigh - Castlebar
Cluain Tarbh - Clontarf
Dún Garbháin - Dungarvan
Port Laoise - Portlaoise
An Nás - Naas
Caiseal - Cashel
Leitir Ceanainn - Letterkenny
Mala - Mallow
Droichead Átha - Drogheda
Tuath - Countryside
Baile - Town
Bruachbhailte - Suburbs
Eastát tithíochta - Housing estate
Lár na cathrach - City centre
Suaimhneach - Peaceful
Ciúin - Quiet
Torannach - Noisy
Gnóthach - Busy
Beomhar - Lively
Áisiúil - Convenient
Páirc imeartha - Playing field
Meánaoiseach - Medieval
Ard-eaglais - Cathedral
Turasóir - Tourist
Cuairteoir - Visitor
Féile - Festival
Féile ealaíon - Art festival
Clú agus cáil - Fame
Deilf - Dolphin
Cuan - Harbour
Imeall - Edge
Ag campáil - Camping
Áit champála - Camping place
Ollphuball - Tent
Gasóg - Scout
Allta - Wild (as in animals)
Carbhán - Caravan
Ag fanacht - Staying
Eachtra - Adventure
Foraois - Forest
Tine champa - Campfire
Compás - Compass
Bia - Food
Sléibhte - Mountains
Dúlra - Nature
Coill - Woods
Adhmad - Wood
Ag canadh - Singing
Léarscáil - Map
Turas - Journey
Réaltaí - StarsPhotography site - https://www.sryanbruenphoto.com/
Weather photo portfolio - https://sryanbruen.myportfolio.com/weather-1
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How to do a Trading, Profit & Loss Account
Trading, Profit & Loss Appropriation Account
Firstly, these are normally three separate accounts on their own, so it might be handy for you to learn them off as their separate account layouts before putting them together and forming a full account layout.
Secondly, let's start off with the Trading account.
The first figure you always put in is the Sales figure. If there is no Sales Returns in the question then put Sales in the third small column. If there is Sales Returns then put Sales and Sales Returns in the second small column. After you have taken away the Sales Returns from the Sales figure then put your answer out into the third small column directly beside the Sales Returns figure.
Next on your Trading account is the Less Cost of Sales. Under Sales, place down the title "Less Cost of Sales" in a different coloured pen preferably any pen because you should not be doing your accounts in pen anyway as you might make mistakes. There are five different possibilities of Less Cost of Sales which would be Purchases, Purchases Returns, Opening Stock, Import Duty(ies) or Carriage Inwards. Remember that Opening Stock will not be named Opening Stock in the question if you're doing HL, it will be something like Stock (01/01/2015). Place all the figures in the second small column unless there is Purchases Returns. If there is Purchases Returns place all the figures except Purchases and Purchases Returns in the second small column. Meanwhile, place the Purchases and Purchases Returns in the first small column and take away the Purchases Returns from the Purchases. After you have done so, place your answer into the second small column directly beside the Purchases Returns figure. Add up all the figures and place your answer in the second small column so directly below them all. Title that figure in the big column as "Cost of goods available for sale". Now, you will take away the Closing Stock from the cost of goods available for sale. Remember that Closing Stock will be in the additional information given in the question and not in the Trial Balance. The answer after you have done this goes into the third small column beside the Closing Stock figure. Take away this figure from the Sales and under the figure, put your answer which you title as Gross Profit. Remember to draw a line whenever you're doing a sum like the Sales minus Less Cost of Sales.
If there is any Add Gains like Rent Receivable then place them under Gross Profit. If there is only one Add Gain then place it into the third small column and add it to Gross Profit. Place your answer into the third small column also. If there is any additional like Rent Receivable prepaid then place them in the second small column. Take away the prepaid from the Rent Receivable and place your answer in the third small column.
That is the Trading account.
Now this is the Profit & Loss account.
On a new line in the big column, write the title Less Expenses and underline it.
The expenses are pretty straightforward as your common sense would know what goes here. Expenses are things like Light and Heat or Wages. If there is anything like prepaid, take the prepaid figure away from the original total. If there is anything like due, add the due figure to the original total. Carriage Outwards also goes here. If there is additional information like prepaid or due, remember to add the original and the prepaid or due figures into the first small column and your answer after you have calculated the actual expense total goes into the second small column. Use the % percentage button on your Calculator to calculate the Depreciation for the given things in the question. Add all the expenses and place the answer beside the last expense but in the third small column. Now write the title Net Profit. This is calculated by taking away the expenses from the Gross Profit of the Trading account (with Add Gains included if there are any).
I will show the Appropriation account when I can.Photography site - https://www.sryanbruenphoto.com/
Weather photo portfolio - https://sryanbruen.myportfolio.com/weather-1
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Having gotten 6 Bs, 3 Cs, and 1 fail, all HL, this would have proven beneficial for my overall results. It's unfortunate that I wasn't informed about this thread during 3rd year.
Keep posting the notes, as this thread deserves recognition.0