Notes etc. - Do not post copyright material

sryanbruen · 09-09-2015 8:04pm

History keywords (Investigating the Past - The Middle Ages)

Primary sources – Come from the time being studied
Secondary sources – Do not come from the time being studied.
Bias – One sided
Artefact – Anything that has been made or used by people.
Stratigraphy – artefacts found deeper beneath the surface are older than artefacts found above them.
Carbon dating – Measuring how much carbon is left in the dead plant or animal. Scientists can work out when it died.
Pollen analysis – Pollen grains can be studied under a microscope.
Cena – An evening meal in Ancient Rome.
Tunics – Knee-length dress-like clothes worn by Roman citizens.
Vomitorium – A room to go to if a Roman ate too much.
Insulae – Apartment blocks in Ancient Rome.
Villas – Big country houses.
Domus – A fine townhouse with shops, a narrow hallway, rectangular area called an atrium with a shallow pool called an impluvium and a garden/patio called a peristylium.
Stola – Ankle-length dress worn by married women in Ancient Rome.
Palla – A wrap-like clothing worn by women in Ancient Rome over their heads.
Patricians – Rich ruling class Romans who did very little work.
Tepidarium – A warm public bath room in Ancient Rome.
Caldarium – A steamy hot public bath room in Ancient Rome.
Frigidarium – A cold public bath room in Ancient Rome.
Paterfamilias – Father of the household in Ancient Rome.
Legionaries – Roman soldiers.
Centuries – A group of soldiers.
Centurions – Officers controlling centuries.
Decimated – Every tenth man was taken out and beaten to death.
Litter – A portable bed for dead people in Ancient Rome.
Catacombs – Underground tunnels where Romans buried their dead.
Hunter-gatherers – Ancient Ireland people who gathered berries and hazelnuts and used dogs to help them hunt deer, wild pigs and other animals.
Court cairns – A Neolithic tomb which had an open area and smaller stones covered the chambers.
Portal dolmens – A Neolithic tomb which had two or three upright stones called portals and a large capstone on top of the portals called a dolmen.
Passage grave – A Neolithic tomb which was so called because it consists mainly of a passage that leads to a chamber deep within the grave.
Bronze – A mixture of copper and tin.
Torcs – Necklaces that resembled ropes of gold.
Lunulas – Gold necklaces that looked like the crescent moon.
Fulacht Fia – An ancient cooking site.
Wedge tomb – A Bronze Age tomb that look like portal dolmens but were wide and high at one end and low and narrow at the other.
Cist graves – A Bronze Age tomb with a small rectangular pit lined with stone slabs.
Standing stones – A Bronze Age tomb with tall standing stones in a circle.
Dúns – Circular stone forts the Celts lived in.
Druids – Priests in Ancient Ireland.
Filí – Poets
Rí – King
Tánaiste – The successor to the king.
Fosterage – When children of nobles were sent to other nobles to be reared and educated.
Tonsure – A shave on the head, monks got.
Oratory – The church
Scriptorium – Where the monks copied manuscripts.
Abbot – Head of the monastery.
Refectory – The dining room where monks ate together.
Round towers – very tall buildings where monks hid away stuff from people like the Vikings.
Reliquaries – Boxes or shrines used to hold relics or things that belonged to saints.
Souterrain – A hidden underground tunnel that ran under the outer wall in a ring fort.
Crannóg – Fortified lake dwellings. It was a small artificial island of stones and earth built on a lake.
Fief – The land that a vassal got from the king or lord.
Motte and bailey castles – The motte was a man-made earthen mound and the bailey was large, round yard at the bottom of the hill the motte was on.
Guild – an organisation controlling crafts
Papal bulls – official documents that issued instructions in Middle Aged churches
Friars – New orders of clergy in the Middle Ages

sryanbruen · 09-09-2015 8:06pm

Household Insurance & Premiums and Claims

• Insurance is protection against a loss you hope will not happen.
• Assurance is protection against a loss you know will happen.

Reasons for Adequate Insurance
• You must cover all possible risks.
• You must insure enough to cover full amount of loss.

Terms
• Exclusion clause is situations that cannot be insured.
• Policy excess/excess clause is that the insured person may have to pay the first €100 of the compensation themselves.
• Compensation is the money you get when you make a claim.

Principles of Insurance
• Insurable interest is when in order to insure something you must benefit from its existence and suffer from its loss.
• Utmost good faith is when you must tell all relevant information when filling out an application for insurance.
• Indemnity is when you cannot make a profit from insurance.
• Contribution is if a risk is insurance with two insurance companies, each will pay half of the compensation.
• Subrogation passes the legal right of the insured over to the insurer to claim from a third party who caused the loss.

Average Clause
• If you only insure an item for a fraction of the value, you only get the same fraction compensation.
• Formula: Sum insured X claim = compensation

Documents
• Proposal form: Application form for insurance
• Policy: Contract of insurance
• Cover note: Temporary policy
• Certificate of insurance: Proof of insurance
• Claim form: A form you fill out when a loss occurs and you want compensation.

People in Insurance
• Broker: Gives advice on insurance and sells insurance on behalf of lots of companies
• Agent: Sells insurance for only one company
• Actuary: Calculates insurance premiums
• Loss adjuster: Calculates the value of the loss and works for the insurance company
• Loss assessor: Calculates the value of the loss and represents the insured

Steps Involved in Taking Out Insurance
1. Decide what risks you want covered.
2. Fill out proposal form.
3. Pay your premium.
4. File your policy in a safe place.

Steps Involved in Making a Claim
1. Contact guards and insurance company.
2. Obtain estimates of lost/stolen items.
3. Fill out claim form.
4. Talk to assessor and agree on compensation.

Premium Calculation Terms
• Premium is the cost of insurance.
• Risk effects are things that cause premiums to be high or low.
• Loading is extra premium for a higher risk.
• Discount is money taken off premium for a lower risk.
• No claims bonus is when you get a discount if you did not claim for any accidents the previous year.
• Renewal date is the date you must have your premium paid by.
• Days of grace may be given to you. They are a few extra days to pay your premium.

Types of Personal Insurance
• PRSI (Pay Related Social Insurance) is the statutory deduction from your salary.
• Medical insurance is used in case you get sick or need an operation immediately.
• Personal accident insurance covers people who are injured due to an accident.
• Salary protection provides an income in case you can’t work due to illness.
• Pension plan provides you with lump sum and income for your retirement.
• Holiday insurance provides you with health care if you get sick on holidays.

Types of Business Insurance
• Theft insurance: Theft of equipment and stock
• Fire insurance: Damage to premises, equipment and stock
• Consequential loss: Covers the firm for loss of profits while a business is closed as a result of fire or flood
• Fidelity guarantee: Compensates an employer for loss of cash arising from dishonest workers
• Cash in transit: Covers theft of cash while in transit between the business and back
• Goods in transit: Covers theft or damage to goods while been transported
• Motor insurance: Compulsory covers damage or injury caused by motor vehicles
• Employers liability: Employees injured at work
• Public liability: Customers injured while visiting the business
• Product liability: Injury to customers using the product
• Bad debts: Loss due to customers not paying their debts

Reasons for Business Insurance
• Protection of assets against fire and theft
• Protection against legal action as a result of accidents to the public or staff
• Legal reasons – motor insurance

sryanbruen · 09-09-2015 8:07pm

Introduction to Economics

Terms
Economics is the study of how people and businesses with limited income make decisions about what they spend their money on.

Factors of Production
Land is the natural resources available in a country that can be used to produce goods and services. The payment for land is rent.
Labour is a human effort that helps to produce goods and services. The payment for labour is wages.
Capital is anything that is made by humans that is then used to help to produce other goods and services. The payment for capital is interest.
Enterprise is using all the factors of production and taking a risk to set up a business. People who supply enterprise are called entrepreneurs. The payment for enterprise is profit.

Types of Economic Systems
Centrally planned economy – Here the government of the economy makes all the decisions about the production of goods and services. E.g. Cuba.
Free enterprise economy – Here the citizens of the country are free to make all the decisions about the production of goods and services with little interference from the government. E.g. USA.
Mixed economy – This is a combination of the two other economies and sees a sharing approach to the production of goods and services. E.g. Ireland.

Terms
Opportunity cost is the item we do without when we have to make a choice between two or more actions. It is impossible to satisfy everybody’s needs and wants.
Inflation is the increase in the general level of the price of goods and services over a period of time.
Deflation is the decrease in the general level of the price of goods and services over a period of time.

Rate of Inflation
(The increase in prices in year 2)/(The level of prices in year 1) X 100
The official measurement of inflation is called the consumer price index.

Causes of Inflation
An increase in the cost of producing goods is passed onto the consumer so that the manufacturer can maintain profits.
The demand for goods is greater than the supply of goods. Consumers will compete with each other, thus pushing up the prices.
The cost of importing goods increases.
Increases in indirect taxes.

Effects of Inflation
Increases the cost of living.
It causes demands for wage increases to compensate for the inflation.
It discourages saving because people decide to spend their money before its value decreases any further.

Terms
Economic growth occurs when more goods are produced in a country one year than were produced the previous year. It creates employment and improves standard of living.
Gross domestic product is a total amount of goods and services produced in an economy in one period.
Gross national product is the GDP – profits sent out of the country by foreign owned companies located in the country, plus profits returned to the local firms based abroad. i.e. it is the amount of money left in the country for spending or saving.
Recession is if less goods and services are produced in two consecutive quarters then the national economy is officially in a recession.

sryanbruen · 09-09-2015 8:08pm

The National Budget

Why does the Government get involved in the economy?
• To provide merit goods
• To provide sociably desirable goods or services
• To provide income for people who can’t work
• To make regulations for the running of the country
• To provide services that are too important to be controlled by the private sector

What is the National Budget?
• The national budget is the government’s estimate of its income and expenditure for the coming year.
• It takes place in November or December each year.
• The Minister for Finance is Michael Noonan.

Budget Divided into Two Sections
1. Government current expenditure is spending by the government on the provision of goods and services that will be totally consumed in that year.
2. Government capital expenditure is spending by the government on assets that will benefit the country for some year into the future.

Sources of Expenditure
• Current expenditure (Social welfare, salaries, teachers, health services)
• Capital expenditure (Building new schools, roads, hospitals)

Sources of Income
• Current income (PAYE, VAT, stamp duty, custom duty, DIRT)
• Capital income (Income from semi-state bodies and EU grants)

Types of Current Budgets
• A balanced current budget (Income = expenditure)
• A surplus budget (Income > expenditure)
• A deficit budget (Income < expenditure)

The Exchequer Balance
• The difference between total government revenue and total government expenditure in any one year.

National Debt
• National debt is if a government has to borrow money to pay for its spending then the amount borrowed is added to the national debt. Total amount of money owed by the government at any given time.
• Debt servicing is the interest payment on the national debt that the government pays to its lenders.

sryanbruen · 09-09-2015 8:09pm

Foreign Trade

Imports and Exports
• Foreign trade is the sale of products and services from one country to another.
• Importing is the purchase of goods and services from other countries for sale in Ireland.
• Exporting is when Irish goods and services are sold to other countries.

Invisible and Visible Trade
• Visible trade is the import or export of physical goods.
• Invisible trade is the import or export of services.

Reasons for Importing Goods
• Ireland does not have natural resources that are necessary for everyday living.
• Ireland’s climate is not suitable for growing certain products.
• Skills and traditions that are needed to produce some goods are only available in certain countries.
• Certain goods are not produced in Ireland, so if we want to have them, we must import them,

Reasons for Exporting Goods
• Some courtiers are not able to produce large quantities of food products because their land or climate is unsuitable.
• Some goods can only be manufactured in a certain country because the skills and traditions are only available here.
• Countries do this to increase their sales and profits.

The Balance of Trade
• The balance of trade is the difference between the visible exports and the visible imports of a country.
• The formula is: Visible exports – visible imports.

The Balance of Payments
• The balance of payments is the difference between the total exports and the total imports of a country.
• The formula is: Visible exports + invisible exports; visible imports + invisible imports; total exports – total imports.

Exchange Rate
• An exchange rate is the quantity of a foreign currency that can be bought or sold for one euro.
• Foreign currencies can be bought or sold in banks.

Import Substitution
• Trying to reduce imports by encouraging Irish people and firms to buy Irish goods instead of imported goods.

The European Union
• Ireland joined the EU in 1973.
• There were 9 countries in it at that time.
• Today there are 28 members.
• The business of the EU is carried out by EU and the European Commission.
• Croatia is the newest member.

Benefits of EU Membership
• Irish firms can sell their products/services in a huge market and this has increased their sales and profits.
• Irish people are allowed to live or work in any of the other member states.
• Ireland has received large amounts of money in the form of grants from the EU.
• Many firms have located in Ireland because we are a member of the EU.
Enterprise Ireland
• Enterprise Ireland is the state agency that offers advice, information and support to firms that are or wish to get involved in foreign trade.

sryanbruen · 09-09-2015 8:10pm

Forms of Business

Types of Businesses

Sole Trader
• A person that owns and runs their own business.
• Characteristics: one person provides all the money, makes all the decisions and keeps all the profit.
• Advantages: Easy to set up, keep all the profits, make all the decisions, personal contact with customers.
• Disadvantages: Unlimited liability (if your business fails you could lose all your own personal wealth), suffer all losses yourself, business ends when the owner dies.

Private Limited Company (Ltd.)
• A business that is owned by 1-99 people.
• Characteristics: 1-99 owners called shareholders, shares cannot be bought by the general public, shareholders receive a vote for every share they own, must have ltd. after its name, shareholders receive a share of the profits called a dividend and is usually owned by solicitors and accountants.
• Advantages: Limited liability (If the business fails, you can only lose the money that you invested in the company. Your own personal wealth cannot be touched), business continues even when an owner dies, easier to raise finance as you have up to 99 shareholders.
• Disadvantages: Legal documents are needed to set up a company, more costly to set up, decision making and profits are shared.

Co-Operative
• A business owned and run by its members.
• Each member has an equal say in the running of the business.
• Characteristics: Each member must buy at least one share and each member has only one vote.
• Advantages: Democratic as each member has an equal say, the members of the co-operatives have limited liability.
• Disadvantages: For members who own a lot of shares, they only get one vote and profits are shared in the form of dividends.
Types of Co-Operatives
• Producer co-op > Owned and run by the customers of the co-op.
• Retail co-ops > A group of retails join together.
• Worker co-ops > Owned by the workers in the business.

State Owned Business
• A business which is set up, financed and controlled by the government.
• Another name for this is a semi-state body.
• Characteristics: A government minister is responsible for each state company, they appoint a board of directors and the government keeps the profits or re-invests it in the company.
• Advantages: Ensure that essential services are provided for all people in the country and provide employment to a large number of people.
• Disadvantages: Some are in a monopoly position which means that they have no competition and this can lead to in-efficiency and higher prices and some make losses which are covered by the tax payer.

sryanbruen · 09-09-2015 8:21pm

Hopefully ya can understand this but this is an example of a solution to a Trading, Profit & Loss and Appreciation Account and Balance Sheet question in Business Studies which you are definitely gonna get on the paper.

First picture is the T, P&L and A Account and second one is the Balance Sheet btw.

sryanbruen · 10-09-2015 9:12pm

An essay on Mid-Term Break by Seamus Heaney

Of all the poems I have explored, Seamus Heaney’s “Mid-Term Break” is the most engaging. This poignant poem recalls an incident in Heaney’s own childhood: The death of his baby brother, Christopher.

The poem opens with Heaney “counting bells knelling classes to a close”, as he waits in the school to be taken home. The use of the word “knelling” is interesting as usually the word is used to describe a funeral bell: Heaney is obviously thinking of his brother’s passing.

Heaney skilfully takes the reader with him “In the porch I met my father crying”. The use of the pun “Big Jim” is unfortunate because he metaphorically means a big “blow”. Heaney’s mother is so shocked that she cannot cry, only able to cough out “angry tearless sighs”.

The use of such personal pronouns such as “him”, “his” and “he” reveals Heaney’s love for his brother. Heaney creates a sad pause at the end of stanza 6: “paler now” before the next stanza. He describes little has changed since Christopher died in his appearance but the difference is his paler complexion and his “poppy bruise”. The line “A four foot box, a foot for every year” is the most heartbreaking line of the poem. Heaney’s brother was only a baby, and his life should have not been cut short when he was so young.

Death is a sad event for any family to experience. The death of a child is especially tragic. Heaney’s ‘Mid-Term Break’ is certainly a difficult poem to read, due to the poem exploring the death of a child. However, it is a poem that has made me appreciate my family, my childhood and my own life, and for this I am grateful.

sryanbruen · 10-09-2015 9:14pm

Some of the French irregular verbs in the present tense form

Être

Je suis
Tu es
Il est
Elle est
Nous sommes
Vous êtes
Ils sont
Elles sont

Avoir

J’ai
Tu as
Il a
Elle a
Nous avons
Vous avez
Ils ont
Elles ont

Aller

Je vais
Tu vas
Il va
Elle va
Nous allons
Vous allez
Ils vont
Elles vont

Faire

Je fais
Tu fais
Il fait
Elle fait
Nous faisons
Vous faites
Ils font
Elles font

Vouloir

Je veux
Tu veux
Il veut
Elle veut
Nous voulons
Vous voulez
Ils veulent
Elles veulent

sryanbruen · 10-09-2015 9:18pm

Geography notes on Clouds and Weather by me

sryanbruen · 10-09-2015 9:21pm

Global warming notes for Geography. Also can be used for Fuels in the Science course.

sryanbruen · 10-09-2015 9:24pm

Hot Desert Climates notaí

Hot desert climates are generally found in very warm deserts such as the Sahara Desert, the Kalahari Desert, the Arabian Desert and the Australian Outback.
They consist of a one season climate generally. Temperatures average 30−50°C during the day but rapidly drop to as low as 5°C during the night.
Reasons for this large temperature range:
The absence of cloud cover and vegetation meant that there is a rapid loss of heat at night.
Night is said to be the 'winter of the desert'.
Rainfall is very rare with an annual total of less than 100mm. This means that it frequently gets threatened by droughts.
Luxor and Aswan in Egypt had the longest-drought ever with NO RAINFALL from 2001-2014.
These droughts though soon be avoided by sudden downpours.
Vegetation is very little due to the shortage of moisture. It consists of cactus, date palm and Joshua trees.
Rattlesnakes, desert foxes and jack-rabbits lived in these climates.

sryanbruen · 10-09-2015 9:32pm

Business Finance

Short-term sources of finance
1. Bank overdraft
• Extra money into your current account. The bank must be repaid the same amount.
2. Trade creditors
• A person/firm to whom a business owes money. There is no interest charge. The firm may lose out on cash discounts given for early payment.
3. Expenses due
• Pay bills at end of the month

Medium-term sources of finance
1. Term loan
• A loan which is repaid over a fixed period of time between 1 and 5 years. Both loan and interest are repaid in equal instalments.
2. Leasing
• A firm agrees with a financial institution to pay an agreed sum of money each month in return for the use of an asset. The firm never owns the asset and the firm may end up paying more in the long term than the asset is worth.
3. Hire purchase
• The hire purchase agreement involves three parties – the buyer, the seller and the finance company. The finance company pays the seller in full for the asset and then collects the money in instalments from the buyer over an agreed period of time.

Long-term sources of finance
1. Equity capital (Issue of ordinary shares)
• The company sells shares in the business to raise money. Dividends may be paid to the shareholders out of the profits each year. No interest has to be paid on the money raised. Each new shareholder has a say in the running of the company.
2. Retained earnings (Reserves)
• Here, some of the profits made are kept in the business to pay for future expansion. There is no cost to this type of finance.
3. Sale and leaseback
• Here, fixed assets are sold to raise finance for the firm and then leased back over a long period of time. The firm gets to keep full use of the asset and also receives a much needed cash injection. The firm no longer owns the asset and so will not benefit from any increase in value.
4. Long-term loan
• The loan and interest is paid back in equal instalments over the length of the loan.
5. Grants
• A non-repayable source of finance from the Government or EU.

sryanbruen · 10-09-2015 9:33pm

Communications

Communication
Communication is the transfer of data from one person to another.

Types of Communication
Internal – With people inside the organisation.
External – Between the organisation and people outside.

Factors to Consider When Choosing A Method of Communication
Cost – Is the method cheap or dear?
Speed – How long will it take to reach its destination?
Secrecy – Is the method confidential?
Record – Will a copy of the information exist?
Destination – How far is it going?

Methods of Communication

1. Oral/Verbal
Sending a verbal message
Internal: intercom, face-to-face meeting
External: radio, telephone
Advantages: Quick, instant feedback
Disadvantages: No record, may be hard to remember

2. Written
Some record is kept
Internal: notice board, memo
External: letter, e-mail, fax
Advantages: Record kept, don’t have to remember anything
Disadvantages: No instant feedback, may not be confidential

3. Visual
Using charts, graphs, videos, powerpoints and TV to give messages internally and externally.
Advantages: Easy to understand, shows trends and comparisons
Disadvantages: Some people may not understand, takes time to prepare

Memo
A short note used within a business.
To:
From:
Date:
Re/Subject:
Message:
Signed:

A Notice of a Meeting
Info. about a meeting
Sent by the secretary

An Agenda
A list of topics that will be discussed at a meeting.

Types of Meetings
AGM: Annual General Meeting
EGM: Extraordinary General Meeting
Ad-hoc: Informal meeting on the spur of the moment

Chairperson
Calls the meeting to order
Ensures that meetings run smoothly

Secretary
Sends out notices of meetings
Writes up the Agenda
Keeps minutes

Treasurer
Keeps a record of all finances
Prepares final accounts
Prepares financial reports

Rules for preparing graphs/charts
Give it a title
Label the Y axis
Label the X axis

Bar Chart
Is a series of bars
Used for comparing quantities

Line/Trend Graph
Is a chart that uses lines
Used for showing changes over time

Pie Charts
Is a circle divided into segments
Used to show percentages or proportions
Find out by using the formula below
(The value of the item you're trynna figure out)/(The total of the values) X 360

sryanbruen · 10-09-2015 9:35pm

Chain of Production and Channels of Distribution

Chain of Production
• The various production or processing stages that a good or service goes through before it is sold to the consumer.

Sectors Involved in Manufacturing and Distribution of Products
• The primary sector – These industries can take material from the land or the sea.
• The secondary sector – This is the manufacturing and construction sector of the economy.
• The tertiary sector – Made up of firms that provide services to all other sectors of the economy.

Primary sector
• These industries can take material from the land or the sea.

Secondary sector
• The firms in this sector use the goods produced by the primary sector and change them into finished products.

Tertiary sector
• The firms provide services in this sector to consumers.

Channels of Distribution
• Are the methods used to transfer finished goods from manufacturers to consumers.
1. Manufacturer > Consumer
2. Manufacturer > Retailer > Consumer
3. Manufacturer > Wholesaler > Retailer > Consumer
4. Manufacturer > Wholesaler > Jobber > Retailer > Consumer

Jobber
• A special type of wholesaler and only sells one type of item.

Wholesaler
• A wholesaler is a company or person that buys large quantities of goods from many manufacturers and sells them in smaller quantities to retailers.

Cash and Carry Wholesalers
• Located in most large towns.
• Differ from traditional wholesalers in the following ways:
1. They do not give credit.
2. They do not deliver goods.
3. They operate on a self service basis.
4. Their prices tend to be lower than traditional wholesalers because:
• They are paid cash for goods.
• They do not have to invest in delivery trucks.
• Less staff is required due to self service.

Franchise
• A franchise exists when the owners of a business give permission to another person to set up a branch and their business in another location in return for a fee.

Retailing
• A retailer is somebody who sells finished goods to consumers.
• They buy goods in bulk and sell them in single units or small quantities to consumers.

Types of Retailers

Retailer Description Examples
Unit or independent retailers Small privately owned shops Toys ‘r’ Us
Voluntary groups Group of retailers who agree to buy their stock from one particular wholesaler only Centra, Spar, Mace
Supermarkets Large shops Tesco, Dunnes Stores
Chain stores Many branches worldwide Walmart
Multiple stores Specialise in one good Elverys, Waltons
Department stores A number of shops under one roof Arnotts, Debenhams
Discount stores Sells a limited range of products at low prices Power City, Dealz, EuroGiant
Vending machines Automated retail devices that sell chocolate, drinks and crisps

Functions of Retailers
1. Provide a wide range of goods to consumers.
2. Sells goods to consumers in small quantities.
3. Offer advice to consumers on certain products.
4. Offer advice to wholesalers and manufacturers on changes in consumer trends.
5. Create demand for goods through their own advertising.

Recent Trends in Retailing in Ireland
• The arrival of International discount stores in the grocery and related industry.
• Major growth in the number of shopping centres and retail outlets.
• Greater use of e-commerce. i.e. selling goods and services over the internet.
• Growth of farmers market – big demand for organic goods.

sryanbruen · 20-09-2015 10:28am

Greetings

Bonjour/Salut = Hello
Quel âge avez-vous? = What age are you?
Où habitez-vous? = Where do you live?
Bonsoir = Good night
Bonjour = Good day
Au revoir = See you later
À bientôt = See you soon
Bienvenue = Welcome
Comment tu t’appelles? = What is your name?
Comment allez-vous? = How are you?
Excusez-moi = Excuse me
Ça va = How’s it going?
Merci = Thank you
Félicitations = Congratulations

Days of the week

Lundi = Monday
Mardi = Tuesday
Mercredi = Wednesday
Jeudi = Thursday
Vendredi = Friday
Samedi = Saturday
Dimanche = Sunday

Months of the year

janvier = January
février = February
mars = March
avril = April
mai = May
juin = June
juillet = July
août = August
septembre = September
octobre = October
novembre = November
décembre = December

Seasons

Le printemps = Spring
L’éte = Summer
L’automne = Autumn
L’hiver = Winter

Colours

Jaune = Yellow
Noir = Black
Violet = Purple
Rosé = Pink
Blanc = White
Orange = Orange
Rouge = Red
Vert = Green
Marron = Brown
Clair = Light
Foncé = Dark
Gris = Gray

Numbers

Un = One
Deux = Two
Trois = Three
Quatre = Four
Cinq = Five
Six = Six
Sept = Seven
Huit = Eight
Neuf = Nine
Dix = Ten
Onze = Eleven
Douze = Twelve
Treize = Thirteen
Quatorze = Fourteen
Quinze = Fifteen
Seize = Sixteen
Dix-sept = Seventeen
Dix-huit = Eighteen
Dix-neuf = Nineteen
Vingt = Twenty
Vingt et-un = Twenty-one
Trente = Thirty
Quarante = Forty
Cinquante = Fifty
Soixante = Sixty
Soixante-dix = Seventy
Quatre-vingts = Eighty
Quatre-vingt-dix = Ninety
Cent = One hundred
Deux cents = Two hundred
Trois cents = Three hundred
Quatre cents = Four hundred
Cinq cents = Five hundred
Six cents = Six hundred
Sept cents = Seven hundred
Huit cents = Eight hundred
Neuf cents = Nine hundred
Mille = One thousand

Meats

La viande – meat
L’agneau – lamb
Le bacon – bacon
Le saucisson – sausage
Le jambon – ham
Le foie – liver
Le bœuf – beef
La dinde – turkey
Le canard – duck
Le porc – pork
Le veau – veal
Le steak-haché – minced steak
Le poulet – chicken
Le lapin – rabbit

Fruits

La banane – banana
La pomme – apple
L’orange – orange
La poire – pear
Le melon – melon
La datte – date
Le pamplemousse – grapefruit
Le raisin – grape
La cerise – cherry
Le citron – lemon
Le citron vert – lime
La fraise – strawberry
La framboise – raspberry
La mûre – blackberry
La myrtille – blueberry
La pastèque – watermelon
La pêche – peach
La prune – plum
Le abricot – apricot
Le ananas – pineapple

Vegetables

Le artichaut – artichoke
Les asperges – asparagus
La aubergine – eggplant
La carotte – carrot
Le céleri – celery
Le champignon – mushroom
Le chou-fleur – cauliflower
Le concombre – cucumber
Les épinards – spinach
Le haricot – bean
La laitue – lettuce
Le oignon – onion
Le maïs – corn
Les petits pois – peas
La pomme de terre – potato
Le radis – radish
La tomate - tomato

Animals

L’ours – bear
Le chameau – camel
Le poulet – chicken
Le crocodile – crocodile
Le cerf – deer
Le dauphin – dolphin
La baleine – whale
L’âne – donkey
Le canard – duck
L’aigle – eagle
La grenouille – frog
L’éléphant – elephant
La girafe – giraffe
La chèvre – goat
Le lion – lion
Le singe – monkey
Le souris – mouse
Le cochon – pig
Le lapin – rabbit
Le rat – rat
Le requin – shark
Le mouton – sheep
Le serpent – snake
L’écureuil – squirrel
Le loup – wolf
La panthère – panther
Le tigre – tiger
La chauve-souris – bat
Le castor – beaver
Le buffle – buffalo
Le renard – fox
Le kangourou – kangaroo
Le koala – koala
L’élan – moose
L’oiseau – bird
La vache – cow
Le chien – dog
Le cheval – horse
Le chat – cat
Le poisson – fish
Le poisson-rouge – goldfish
Le papillon – butterfly

Family members

Le père – The father
La mère – The mother
La sœur – The sister
Le frère – The brother
L’enfant – The child
Le fils – The son
Les parents – The parents
Le cousin – The cousin (male)
La cousine – The cousin (female)
L’oncle – The uncle
La tante – The aunt
Le grand−père – The grandfather
La grand−mère – The grandmother
Les grand−parents – The grandparents
Le beau−père – The stepfather
La belle−mère – The stepmother
Le bébé – The baby

Transport

La voiture – car
L’avion – airplane
Le car – coach
L’autobus – bus
Le bateau – boat
Le vélo – bicycle
Le camion – lorry/truck
La camionnette – van
Le taxi – taxi
Le train – train
Le vélomoteur – motorbike
Le hélicoptère – helicopter
Le hovercraft – hovercraft

Weather

Il fait chaud – It is hot
Il fait froid – It is cold
Il fait mauvais – It is bad
Il y a du soleil – It is sunny
Il fait beau – It is nice
Il y a du vent – It is windy
Il y a du brouillard – It is foggy
Il fait orageux – It is stormy
Il pleut – It’s raining
Il neige – It’s snowing
Il fait humide – It is humid
Il fait nuageux – It is cloudy
La grêle – The hail
La glace – The ice
L’éclair – The lightning

The body

Les amygdales – tonsils
L’appendice – appendix
La bouche – mouth
Le bras – arm
La cheville – ankle
Le cœur – heart
Le cou – neck
Le coude – elbow
Les dents – teeth
Le derrière – bottom
Le doigt – finger
L’épaule – shoulder
L’estomac – stomach
Le front – forehead
Le genou – knee
La gorge – throat
La jambe – leg
La langue – tongue
Les lèvres – lips
La main – hand
Le nez – nose
L’œil – eye
L’ongle – nail
L’oreille – ear
L’orteil – toe
Le pied – foot
Le poignet – wrist
La poitrine – chest
Le pouce – thumb
Le poumon – lung
La tête – head
Le ventre – stomach
Les yeux – eyes

Pencil case

La trousse – pencil case
L’agrafeuse – stapler
La colle – glue
La calculatrice – calculator
Les ciseaux – scissors
Le compas – compass
Le crayon – pencil
Les crayons de couleurs – coloured pencils
Le feutre – marker
La gomme – eraser
La règle – ruler
Le surligneur fluo – highlighter
Le stylo – pen
Le stylo correcteur – correcting pen (tip-ex)
Le taille−crayon - sharpener

Clothes and accessories

Des baskets – runners
Des bijoux – jewellery
Des bottes – boots
Des chaussettes – socks
Des chaussures – shoes
La chemise – shirt
Le chemisier – blouse
La cravate – tie
Les gants – gloves
Le jean – jeans
La jupe – skirt
Le manteau – coat
Le pantalon – trousers
Le pull-over – jumper
Le pyjama – pyjamas
La robe – dress
Le sac à main – handbag
Le survêtement – tracksuit
Le tee-shirt – t-shirt
La veste - jacket

Jobs

Le acteur – actor
La actrice – actress
Le artiste – artist
Le boulanger – baker
Le boucher – butcher
Le charpentier – carpenter
Le caissier – cashier
Le fonctionnaire – civil servant
Le chef – cook/chef
Le dentiste – dentist
Le médecin – doctor
Le électricien – electrician
Le employé – employee
Le ingénieur – engineer
Le pompier – fireman
L’avocat – lawyer
La femme de chambre – maid
Le gérant – manager
Le mécanicien – mechanic
L’infirmier – nurse
Le peintre – painter
Le pharmacien – pharmacist
Le plombier – plumber
Le policier – police officer
Le réceptionniste – receptionist
Le secrétaire – secretary
Le étudiant – student
Le professeur – teacher
Le serveur – waiter
Le écrivain – writer
Le serveuse – waitress
Le pilote – pilot
L’athlète – athlete
Le journaliste - journalist

Shops and buildings

La banque – bank
La bibliothèque – library
La bijouterie – jeweller’s
La boucherie – butcher’s
La boulangerie – bakery
Le café – cafe
Le camping – campsite
La cathédrale – cathedral
Le centre sportif – sports centre
La charcuterie – pork butcher’s
La chocolaterie – chocolate shop
Le cinéma – cinema
Le club des jeunes – youth club
Le coiffeur – barber
La confiserie – sweet shop
La cour de justice – court
L’église – church
La galerie – gallery
La gare - station
La gare routière – bus station
La gendarmerie – police station
L’hôpital – hospital
L’hôtel de ville – town hall
La librairie – book shop
La mairie – town hall
La maison de la presse – newsagent
Le marchand de chaussures – shoe shop
Le marchand de fruits – fruit seller
Le musée – museum
L’office du tourisme – tourist office
La pâtisserie – cake shop
Le théâtre – theatre
Le supermarché – supermarket
La piscine – swimming pool
La pharmacie – chemist
Le stade – stadium
Le restaurant - restaurant

School subjects

L’anglais – English
Les mathématiques – Maths
La français – French
L’espagnol – Spanish
L’allemand – German
La science – Science
La physique – Physics
La chimie – Chemistry
La biologie – Biology
L’informatique – Computing (Computers)
Le dessin – Art
La musique – Music
La géographie – Geography
L’histoire – History
L’éducation physique et sportive (EPS) – PE
La religion – Religion
Les études commerciales – Business studies

Countries

L’Angleterre – England
Le Royaume-Uni – United Kingdom
La Grande-Bretagne – Great Britain
La France – France
L’Allemagne – Germany
Les Pays-Bas – Netherlands
L’Espagne – Spain
Le Portugal – Portugal
L’Italie – Italy
La Grèce – Greece
La Suisse – Switzerland
L’Autriche – Austria
La Belgique – Belgium
La Pologne – Poland
Les États-Unis – United States of America
Le Canada – Canada
L’Australie – Australia
La Nouvelle-Zélande – New Zealand
L’Irlande – Ireland
La Finlande – Finland
La Suède – Sweden
La Norvège – Norway
Le Danemark – Denmark
L’Islande – Iceland
Le Japon – Japan
La Chine – China
L’Inde – India
L’Égypte – Egypt
La Turquie – Turkey
La Russie – Russia
L’Algérie – Algeria
L’Écosse – Scotland
La Hongrie – Hungary
Le Maroc – Morocco
Le Mexique – Mexico
Le Pays de Galles – Wales
La République Tchèque – Czech Republic
La Slovénie – Slovenia
La Tunisie - Tunisia

Directions

Allez tout droite – Go straight ahead
Tournez à droite – Turn right
Tournez à gauche – Turn left
À droite – Right
À gauche – Left
Prenez la premiere rue – Take the first street
Prenez la premiere rue à droite – Take the first street on the right
Prenez la premiere rue à gauche – Take the first street on the left
Prenez la deuxième rue à droite – Take the second street on the right
Prenez la deuxième rue à gauche – Take the second street on the left
Prenez la troisième rue à droite – Take the third street on the right
Prenez la troisième rue à gauche – Take the third street on the left
C’est à droite – It’s on the right
C’est à gauche – It’s on the left

Past times / sports

L’athlétisme – Athletics
La boxe – Boxing
L’équitation – Horse riding
Le footing – Jogging
La lutte – Wrestling
La natation – Swimming
La planche à voile – Wind surfing
La plongée – Diving
Le ski – Skiing
Le vélo – Cycling
La voile – Sailing

In the past

Il y a deux heures – Two hours ago
Récemment – Recently
Hier – Yesterday
Hier soir – Last night
Avant-hier – Before yesterday
Mardi dernier – Last Tuesday
La semaine dernière – Last week
Le mois dernier – Last month
L’année dernière – Last year
En 2000 – In 2000
Au printemps de 2000 – In the Spring of 2000
Pendant l’hiver de l’an 2000 – During the Winter of 2000
Au mois de septembre de 2000 – In the month of September 2000

The clock

Il est ____ heures – It is _____ o’clock
Il est ____ heures cinq – It is five past ___
Il est ____ heures dix – It is ten past ___
Il est ____ heures le quart – It is quarter past ___
Il est ____ heures vingt – It is twenty past ___
Il est ____ heures vingt-cinq – It is twenty five past ___
Il est ____ heures et demie – It is half past ___
Il est ____ heures moins vingt-cinq – It is twenty five to ___
Il est ____ heures moins vingt – It is twenty to ___
Il est ____ heures moins le quart – It is quarter to ___
Il est ____ heures moins dix – It is ten to ___
Il est ____ heures moins cinq – It is five to ___

Postcard sentences

Me voici en France – Here I am in France
Il fait chaud – It is hot
Tout va bien à l’école – All is well in school
Je suis à la campagne – I am in the countryside
Je suis au centre ville – I am in the city centre
L'endroit est beau – The place is fine
Je suis avec ma famille – I am with my family
Je passe une semaine ici – I am spending a week here
Dis bonjour à tout de ma part – Say hello to everybody for me
Je vais partir samedi prochain – I’m leaving next Saturday
Je vais à la plage – I’m going to the beach
J’adore la cuisine française – I love the French food
Je vais à la plage tous les jours – I go to the beach everyday
Je suis allé – I went....
Je te téléphonerai quand je rentrerai chez moi – I will call when I get home

Ingredients

Le beurre – Butter
La crème – Cream
L’eau – Water
La fairne – Flour
Le fromage – Cheese
Le gingembre – Ginger
L’huile – Oil
Le lait – Milk
Le miel – Honey
L’œuf – Egg
Les pâtes – Pasta
Le persil – Parsley
Le piment – Chili peppers
Le poivre – Peppers
Le sel – Salt
Le sucre – Sugar

Seafoods

Le cabillaud – Cod
Le poisson – Fish
Le carrelet – Plaice
Le crabe – Crab
Le homard – Lobster
Les huîtres – Oysters
Les moules – Mussels
Le saumon – Salmon
Le thon – Tuna

Holidays

Les grandes vacances – The Summer holidays
Les vacances de Pâques – The Easter holidays
Les vacances de Noël – The Christmas holidays
À la campagne – In the country
À l’etranger – Abroad
Au bord de la mer – By the sea
Faire du camping – To go camping
Je vais partir en vacances – To go on holidays
Je vais nager dans la mer – To swim in the sea
Je vais sortir à la discothèque – To go out to the disco
Je vais se bronzer à la plage – To sunbathe at the beach
Je vais rester dans un hôtel – To stay in a hotel
Nous allons prendre l’avion – We are going to take the plane

Prepositions

À côté de – next to
Après – after
Au bord de – on the edge of
Avec – with
Chez – at the house of
Dans – in
De – of/from
Devant – in front of
Derrière – behind
En face de – opposite
Entre – between
Loin de – far from
Par – by/through
Pour – for
Près de – near
Sous – under
Sur - on

The station

Le guichet – Ticket office
Le quai – Platform
La salle d’attente – Waiting room
Les voyageurs – Passengers
L’ascenseur – Lift
La ligne – Operating company
Le réseau – Rail network
La correspondance – Connection
Le train à grand vitesse (TGV) – High speed train
Un carnet – A book of tickets
Le pass Navigo – Oyster card
Réserver – To reserve
Un trajet – Journey
Un aller – Single
Un aller retour – Return
La première classe – First class
Les tarifs/Les prix – Ticket prices
Un remboursement – Refund
Composter votre billet – Validate your ticket
Les arrivés – Arrivals
Les départs – Departures
En provenance de – Leaving from
A destination de – Going to
À l’heure – On time
Un retard – Delay
La circulation – Traffic
Les travaux – Engineering works
Une grève – Strike
Une place – Seat
La voiture buffet – Buffet car
Un arret – A stop

Art

L'art = Art
L'artiste = Artist
Le peintre = Painter
Le chevalet = Easel
La palette = Palette
Le fusain = Charcoal
L'encre = Ink
L'argile = Clay
La poterie = Pottery
La toile = Canvas
Le pinceau = Brush
Le dessin = Drawing
Le tableau = Painting
Les couleurs = Paints/Colours
Le carnet à croquis = Sketch pad
La sculpture = Sculpting
Le bois = Wood
Le croquis = Sketch

Baby

Le bébé = Baby
La naissance = Birth
Le nouveau-né = Newborn baby
La sucette = Pacifier
La grossesse = Pregnancy
Les vêtements pour bébés = Baby clothes
Le landau = Pram
La nourriture pour bébés = Baby food
Le nourrisson = Infant
Les prénoms pour bébés = Baby names
Le bambin = Toddler
Le lit de bébé = Crib/cot
Le chaise haut = High chair

Camping

Le camping = Camping
Camper = To camp (regular verb)
Le sac à dos = Backpack
La tente = Tent
Le terrain de camping = Campsite
Le sac de couchage = Sleeping bag
Les poubelles = Trash cans
Le camping-car = Camping van
Le feu de camp = Campfire
La lampe/torche = Flashlight/torch
La caravane = Caravan
Le barbecue = Barbecue

Valentine's Day

Le jour de la Saint-Valentin = St. Valentine's Day
Une carte de Saint-Valentin = Valentine's Day card
Bonne Saint-Valentin = Happy Valentine's Day
Mon chéri = My dear (male)
Ma chérie = My dear (female)
Je t'aime = I love you
Je t'aime de tout mon cœur = I love with all my heart
Tu me manques = I miss you
Mon cher = Dear.... (male) (starting a letter)
Ma chère = Dear.... (female) (starting a letter)
Avec toute mon affection = With all my affection
Affectueusement = Fondly
Je t'embrasse très fort = I embrace you strongly

sryanbruen · 15-10-2015 6:23pm

An Gleann Inar Tógadh Mé freagra samplach

(i) Rinne mé staidéar ar an dán “An Gleann Inar Tógadh Mé” le Dubhghlas de hÍde i rith mo chúrsa. Is é ábhar an dáin seo ná an Dúlra.

(ii) Rugadh an file sa Gleann. Bhí sé an-sásta sa Ghleann nuair a bhí sé óg. Bhain sé taitneamh as na rudaí a rinne sé ansin, "Shiúil sé ó áit go háit". Bhí grá aige don dúlra. Luaigh sé an giorria agus an fia agus sruthán sléibhe. Thaitin an t-uisce fuair úr go mór leis, "San uisce fíor ba mhór mo dhúil". Bhí sé sásta sa Ghleann. Bhí grá aige don Ghleann. Ní raibh eagla air roimh aon rud sa Ghleann. Léim a bhád ar bharr na habhann. Cheap sé go raibh sé ábalta breith ar an ngaoth. Cheap sé go raibh dath an óir ar gach rud ina áit dhúchais sa Ghleann, "sa ghleann inar tógadh mé". Cheap sé go raibh sé ábalta aon rud a dhéanamh.

sryanbruen · 01-11-2015 7:26pm

Aaron McMahon wrote: »

Does anybody have Chinese Cinderella quotes ,would really appreciate it

https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/1429851-chinese-cinderella-the-true-story-of-an-unwanted-daughter

sryanbruen · 01-11-2015 7:31pm

Litir: An t-Ospidéal

3 Bóthar Buí
Baile Dúill
Baile Átha Cliath
3 Iúil 2016

A Eoin,

Tá súil agam go bhfuil tú i mbarr na sláinte. Is fada an lá ó chuala mé uait. Go raibh maith agat as ucht do litir. Bhí sé ar intinn agam scríobh chugat. Ní raibh am agam scríobh go dtí seo. Bhí mé an-ghnóthach. Fan go gcloise tú mo scéal.

Tá mé san ospidéal anois faraor. Bhí timpiste agam cúpla lá ó shin. Leag carr mé gan rabhadh. Bhris mé mo chos agus ghortaigh mé mo cheann. Tá mé i mbarda deas buíochas le Dia. Tá na hothair eile an-chairdiúil. Is maith liom an bia mar tá sé blásta. Bhí an pian i mo chos uafásach. Thug an banaltra instealladh dom don phian. Tógaim piollaí agus leigheas dhá uair in aghaidh an lae. Beidh orm siúl le maidí croise ar feadh seachtaine. Tá biseach ag teacht orm in aghaidh an lae. Tá atmaisféar deas cairdiúil sa bharda. Scrúdaigh an dochtúir mo chos agus dúirt sé go raibh sé briste. Tá mé ag tnúth le dul abhaile. Beidh mé ag filleadh ar scoil i gceann coicíse.

Bhuel níl aon nuacht eile agam. Scríobh litir chugam go luath. Ná déan dearmad. Ná déan moill. Beidh mé ag tnúth le litir uait roimh i bhfad. Feicfidh mé tú roimh i bhfad. Tabhair aire duit féin. Slán go fóill.

Is mise, do chara
Seán

sryanbruen · 01-11-2015 7:32pm

Litir: Dráma san Amharclann

3 Bóthar Buí
Baile Dúill
Baile Átha Cliath
3 Iúil 2016

A Eoin,

Tá súil agam go bhfuil tú i mbarr na sláinte. Is fada an lá ó chuala mé uait. Go raibh maith agat as ucht do litir. Bhí sé ar intinn agam scríobh chugat. Ní raibh am agam scríobh go dtí seo. Bhí mé an-ghnóthach. Fan go gcloise tú mo scéal.

Is cuimhin liom an lá sin an-mhaith. Go raibh maith agat as ucht na ticéid a thug tú dom. Bhí na haisteoirí ar fheabhas. Bhí mé an bhuíocht díot. Tugadh soláistí saor dom. Bhí an áit dubh le daoine. Bhí atmaisféar hiontach ann. Bhain mé an-taitneamh as. Cheannaigh mé cuimhneachán. Bhí mé an-tuirseach i ndiadh. Thug sé a lán ama imeacht abhaile mar bhí slua ollmhór ann. Tugadh síob abhaile dom.

Bhuel níl aon nuacht eile agam. Scríobh litir chugam go luath. Ná déan dearmad. Ná déan moill. Beidh mé ag tnúth le litir uait roimh i bhfad. Feicfidh mé tú roimh i bhfad. Tabhair aire duit féin. Slán go fóill.

Is mise, do chara
Seán

sryanbruen · 01-11-2015 7:33pm

Litir: Teach agus Ceantar Nua

3 Bóthar Buí
Baile Dúill
Baile Átha Cliath
3 Iúil 2016

A Eoin,

Tá súil agam go bhfuil tú i mbarr na sláinte. Is fada an lá ó chuala mé uait. Go raibh maith agat as ucht do litir. Bhí sé ar intinn agam scríobh chugat. Ní raibh am agam scríobh go dtí seo. Bhí mé an-ghnóthach. Fan go cloise tú mo scéal.

Bhog mé go gceantar nua. Tá mé i mo chónaí i dteach leathscoite i mbruachbhaile beag. Is suíomh álainn é. Tá na comharsana cairdiúil. Tá cúlgháirdín mór agam ach gan aon gháirdín tosaigh. Tá na bláthanna faoi bhláth. Tá mo mheánscoil nua go deas. Faoi láthair, tá mé ag déanamh an Teastas Shóisearaigh. Is maith liom Tíreolaíocht agus Matamaitic ach is fuath liom Reiligiúin agus go háirithe Eolaíocht. Ceapaim go bhfuil sé an-leadránach. Tá an príomhoide an-dian. Seinnim an giotár agus an pianó ar scoil.

Bhuel níl aon nuacht eile agam. Scríobh litir chugam go luath. Ná déan dearmad. Ná déan moill. Beidh mé ag tnúth le litir uait roimh i bhfad. Feicfidh mé tú roimh i bhfad. Tabhair aire duit féin. Slán go fóill.

Is mise, do chara
Seán

sryanbruen · 01-11-2015 7:35pm

Litir: An Ghaeltacht

3 Bóthar Buí
Baile Dúill
Baile Átha Cliath
3 Iúil 2016

A Eoin,

Tá súil agam go bhfuil tú i mbarr na sláinte. Is fada an lá ó chuala mé uait. Go raibh maith agat as ucht do litir. Bhí sé ar intinn agam scríobh chugat. Ní raibh am agam scríobh go dtí seo. Bhí mé an-ghnóthach. Fan go cloise tú mo scéal.

Bíonn ranganna againn gach maidin. Bíonn cluichí againn gach tráthnóna. Bíonn ceilí againn gach oíche. Is breá liom an áit seo. Tá bean an tí an-flaithiúil agus cairdiúil. Tá a lán feabhas ag teacht ar mo chuid Gaeilge. Bíonn an craic go hiontach. Bíonn an cócaireacht go blásta. Tá a lán cairde nua agam anois. Ba bhreá liom teacht arais anseo an bhliain seo chugainn. Téimid ag snámh san fharraige fuar gach lá. Tá mé ag glacadh páirt i ndráma deag.

Bhuel níl aon nuacht eile agam. Scríobh litir chugam go luath. Ná déan dearmad. Ná déan moill. Beidh mé ag tnúth le litir uait roimh i bhfad. Feicfidh mé tú roimh i bhfad. Tabhair aire duit féin. Slán go fóill.

Is mise, do chara
Seán

sryanbruen · 01-11-2015 7:39pm

Useful Irish Phrases

Is cuimhin liom an lá sin is a tharla sé inné ~ I remember that day like it was yesterday

Tugadh _____ dom ~ I was given _____

Creid nó ná creid ~ Believe it or not

Tosach / Tús maith leath na hoibre ~ A good start is half the battle

Ná habair é ~ Don’t mention it

A cuirtear os ar comhair amach ~ Put in front of us

Is léir mar sin ~ It is clear

Bhí mé ar barr an domhain ~ I was on top of the world

Ó bhun go barr ~ From top to bottom

Dubh le daoine ~ Packed with people

Bhí an turas fhada agus tuirsiúil ~ The journey was long and tiring

Ní raibh mé ábalta aon rud a dhéanamh ~ I wasn’t able to do anything

Gan féachaint ar dheis nó ar chlé ~ Without looking right or left

Ar mo bhealach ~ On my way

Saor ó locht ~ Free from blame

Bhí / Tá an ghrian ag scoilteadh na gcloch ~ The sun was / is splitting the stones

Tá a lán cairde nua agam anois ~ I have a lot of new friends now

Tá súil agam go bhfeicfidh mé tú an bhliain seo chugainn ~ I hope that I will see you next year

Mothaím tú uaim ~ I miss you

Ní hé lá na báistí lá na bpáistí ~ A rainy day is not a day for children

cath2012 · 03-11-2015 6:21pm

Thanks for these. . Hate writing business notes. . Do you have any other chapters pretty please. .

sryanbruen · 03-11-2015 6:59pm

cath2012 wrote: »

Thanks for these. . Hate writing business notes. . Do you have any other chapters pretty please. .

Yep.. any specific chapters you would like?

cath2012 · 03-11-2015 7:05pm

Thanks a mill... Anything on people at work, the employer and Industrial relations

sryanbruen · 04-11-2015 6:15pm

People At Work

Terms
Work - is when a person does something productive. You work when you do homework, study or help at home. Therefore, you get nothing in return as in payment.
Employment - is when a person gets paid to work. If you have a job in a shop, you are employed.
Unemployment - if a person is looking for employment but cannot find a job, they are said to be unemployed. To be counted as unemployed, you must be between the ages of 16 and 66, available for work and not in full-time education. A person must be looking for work to be counted as unemployed.
The Labour Force - consists of everybody who is available to work. This includes the employed, unemployed and self-employed.

Types of employees
Unskilled - work which does not require any special training. It often involves physical labour and the rate of pay tends to be low, e.g. bin collector.
Semi-skilled - work which requires some training. Most semi-skilled workers are trained to use one machine or do one job, e.g. a person trained to use a sewing machine.
Skilled - work which requires specialist training to do a particular job. E.g. carpenters and hairdressers are skilled.
Professional - workers that have a professional qualification(s), usually from a university. They need this particular qualification to do particular work. E.g. teachers, solicitors and doctors are professional.

Natures of work
Manual - involves physical work, e.g. gardening.
Clerical - involves typing, filing etc, e.g. receptionist.
Creative - requires imagination, e.g. writer.
Administrative - involves supervising or managing the work of others, e.g. manager.

The employee's rights and responsibilities

Rights

Fair day's pay
To be treated equally to other employees
Fair number of paid holidays per year
To join a union
To work in a healthy, safe environment

Responsibilities

Good punctuation (be on time)
Obey all rules and regulations
Not to give away company secrets
Co-operate with other workers
To look after your employer's property

Rewards & risks of self-employment

Rewards

You are your own boss
You make all the decisions
You keep all the profits
Your own suitable working times
Decide what product or service to sell

Risks

Unlimited liability - If the business fails, you risked losing everything
May have to work long hours
Have to provide the capital to set up and run the business
You make all the decisions

Organisational Structure

Typical organisational chart (comes up nearly every year)

Shareholders
↓
Board of directors
↓
Managing director
↓
Department managers (e.g. of departments: Sales department, finance department, production department)
↓
Supervisors
↓
Staff workers
↓

sryanbruen · 04-11-2015 7:05pm

The Employer

Rights & responsibilities of the employer

Rights

To hire suitable staff
To expect employees to be loyal to the business
To decide the objectives of the business
To fire staff if there is a legitimate reason (e.g. stealing)

Responsibilities

Equal pay for equal work
To give employees contracts
To allow staff their annual paid holidays
To keep appropriate records for tax purposes
To maintain a safe and healthy workplace
To ensure there is no discrimination in the workplace

Steps involved in hiring staff

Job description - what needs to be done?
Advertise - where?
Letter of application - a CV, an application form from candidates
Short listing - pick the best candidates
Interview the candidates
Selection - Select the most suitable candidate
Candidate is notified
Contract - terms and conditions of work, e.g. hours, pay etc
Training - of the new employee
Employer and employee inform local tax offices - arrangements are made to make the correct PAYE and PRSI deductions
Probationary period - before being permanently employed

How to make a job advertisement

Name the employer
Position to be filled
Qualifications and experience of the candidate
Personality of the candidate
How to apply
Closing date
State that the company is an equal opportunities employer
Plan where to advertise the advert

Calculating rates of pay
Time rate - You are paid a rate per hour for a normal working week. Extra work is paid with overtime, usually at a higher rate.
Piece rate - You are paid for each item produced.
Commission - You get paid a certain % of the value of goods that you sell. A bonus may be paid as well if certain targets are met.
Salary - You get paid a fixed sum per month to do a job.
Flexitime - Employees are free to choose their own working hours.
Subsidised - An employers pays some of the cost of something so the employees get cheaper food.

Income tax forms
P60 - Given to the employee by the employer at the end of the year. It shows the total pay, PAYE (pay as you earn) and PRSI (pay related social insurance) for the year.
P45 Cessation Certificate - Given to an employee when he/she leaves a firm.
Payslip - Given to the employee by the employer at the end of the week which shows their gross pay, all the deductions and their net pay. Sometimes a payslip is known as a wage slip.
Wages book - Employers need to record their wages and salaries paid. This is done in the wages book. The total cost of wages and employer's PRSI is calculated. The information for the payslip is extracted from the wages book.

Payment of wages and salaries
Wages and salaries can be paid by cash, by cheque or by credit transfer. Cash payment is unusual nowadays.

Coin/Note analysis
If wages are paid in cash, the employer needs to do a coin/note analysis. This gives a breakdown of how many of each coin/note will be required.

sryanbruen · 08-11-2015 4:36pm

Industrial Relations

Industrial relations - refers to the relationship that exists between employers and employees in the workplace.
Good industrial relations lead to:
Higher productivity
A happier workforce
A more motivated workforce
Increasing sales
Bad industrial relations lead to:
Strikes
Unhealthy working conditions
Decreasing sales

Trade Unions

A trade union is a group of workers who come together to protect their interests.
Everyone can join a trade union except the army and the Garda.

Functions of a Trade Union

Get better pay and working conditions.
Collect subscriptions.
Represent workers in talks with the employers.
Training and education courses.
Give advice.

Types of Trade Unions

Craft unions: Oldest trade unions. Do an apprenticeship in this industry, e.g. Irish Masters Butchers.
Industrial unions: All unions and workers work in the same industry, e.g. Banks.
General union: Different types of unions, e.g. SIPTU - Service Industrial Professional Technical Union.
White collar union: Professional workers, e.g. Teachers - ASTI.

Shop Steward

A shop steward is the union representative in the workplace.
He/she is elected by his/her co-workers.
Collects subscriptions.
Recruits new members.
Solves problems before a dispute arises.
Negotiates agreements.

ICTU

Irish Congress of Trade Union.
Governing body of trade unions in Ireland.
It provides once voice for trade unions.
Represents trade unions in talks with the government.
Gives advice and training to members.

IBEC

Irish Business Employers Confederation.
Represents employers in talks with the government.
Gives its members advice on industrial relations problems.

Industrial Disputes

An industrial dispute is where a disagreement occurs between management and unions in the workplace. E.g. ASTI in dispute with government over the new Junior Cert.
The main causes of industrial disputes include:
Rates of pay.
Conditions of work.
Dismissal / suspension of an employee.
Management not recognising a trade union.
Unfair treatment of a worker.

Third party organisations that help solve a dispute

1. The Labour Relations Commission (LRC)

It was set up to help solve disputes.
It provides trained people who will bring an employee and employer together to try solve the dispute.
An agreement is called conciliation.

2. The Labour Court

There are three people on the Labour Court Committee who listen to both sides and make a decision about what they think should happen.
This time, you must accept the decision and this is process is known as arbitration.

3. Equality Officer

The equality officer listens to both sides and makes a decision.
E.g. A more senior person has been passed over for promotion.

sryanbruen · 16-11-2015 8:02pm

Sample answer for the poem 'An Gleann inar Tógadh Mé' for the section Filíocht

(i) Rinne mé staidéar ar an dán “An Gleann Inar Tógadh Mé” le Dubhghlas de hÍde i rith mo chúrsa. Is é ábhar an dáin seo ná an Dúlra.

(ii) Rugadh an file sa Gleann. Bhí sé an-sásta sa Ghleann nuair a bhí sé óg. Bhain sé taitneamh as na rudaí a rinne sé ansin, "Shiúil sé ó áit go háit". Bhí grá aige don dúlra. Luaigh sé an giorria agus an fia agus sruthán sléibhe. Thaitin an t-uisce fuair úr go mór leis, "San uisce fíor ba mhór mo dhúil". Bhí sé sásta sa Ghleann. Bhí grá aige don Ghleann. Ní raibh eagla air roimh aon rud sa Ghleann. Léim a bhád ar bharr na habhann. Cheap sé go raibh sé ábalta breith ar an ngaoth. Cheap sé go raibh dath an óir ar gach rud ina áit dhúchais sa Ghleann, "sa ghleann inar tógadh mé". Cheap sé go raibh sé ábalta aon rud a dhéanamh.

Notes etc. - Do not post copyright material

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