Cycling/Walking around the city

vale8jabs

Its a shame more people don't cycle given the compact size of Galway city and the problems with traffic congestion. What can be done to encourage cycling in the city? personally I find many of the roads are unsafe for cyclists at present.

biko

I'm thinking of getting this

This flag sticks out to the side of your bike on a flexible shaft, so as you ride, the highly visible and reflective flag catches the attention of passing drivers. Instead of focusing on going around the centre of your bike, they're focusing on going around this little flag.
The result is a wider pass and more room for you.

martyboy48

vale8jabs wrote: »

Its a shame more people don't cycle given the compact size of Galway city and the problems with traffic congestion. What can be done to encourage cycling in the city? personally I find many of the roads are unsafe for cyclists at present.

I cycle a bit here and there once there is no heavy showers forcast:D
One thing that I don't like is locking up. Either there's nowhere safe and secure to lock up or, if there is, other cyclist just feck there bike anywhere, blocking/scratching my bike which I like to look after.
A lot of motorists(and I have seen this as a motorist myself), don't pay enough attention to cyclists either, which can be intimidating to some...

Ficheall

Agreed, locking up is a pain. As are the gombeens who feel the need to mess with/steal/damage one's bike.

biko wrote: »

I'm thinking of getting this

Just be sure to put it on the other side or you're in trouble...

the untitled user

biko wrote: »

I'm thinking of getting this

That wouldn't last a day on my bike. Too used to having only 3 incles of clearance on either side me. Big thing I find works on the four-wheelers is having a high-vis jacket. Not one of those crappy bibs the RSA handout, something with sleeves. It makes people aware of your full width and hand gestures stand are clearly visible. Doesn't stop the four-wheelers being stupid and taking risks but I find they tend to cut me off out of ignorance a bit less.

Getting rid of the roundabouts will be a positive step, but if you really want to encourage cycling you have to create a couple of dedicated thoroughfares in and out of the city for cyclists only. Which will never happen because it would require one of the bridges being dedicated to cyclists and blocked off to cars, the notion of which causes the four-wheelers to froth at the mouth and fantasize about deliberately running us down.

Seriously, dedicated routes for cyclists is the only way to go. Not those crappy tacked on footpaths come cyclepaths, but full on dedicated tracks/roads completely blocked off to cars.

orangebud

got hit my a landrover today it happened on the exit galway shopping center, lol i don't know how he didnt see me, i just got up and kept going (must have been in shock) i think the landrover took most of the damage

apart from that galway is a safe city to cycle apart from a few L drivers straight out of there nappies thinking that they own the road

inisboffin

Cyclist hit yesterday on Shantalla Rd, ambulance called. Hopefully it wasn't too serious.

Watched a car clip a cyclist on Rahoon Rd (into Shantalla stretch) two days ago, car drove on, cyclist wobbled, stopped and continued.

Fairly frequent occurrence in daylight on that road tbh, so *not* very safe there at least.

Don't get the non-lit cyclists there either. It's bad enough when you're fully visible, why make it easier to be hit?

julio_delg

Hi there,

Does any of you know what would be the time necessary to go from Salthill (Baley point), to Merview, at about 8:00 in weekdays?

Many thanks

biko

By bike/foot/bus/car?

julio_delg

biko wrote: »

By bike/foot/bus/car?

Sorry, I though it was implied by the name of the thread.

I meant cycling.

Thanks.

biko

Just checking.
From Salthill to Mervue by bike mornings, about 20 mins depending on how fast you are, rain, wind, inshallah, etc

celty

Inisboffin,

Surprised to read that re Shantalla Rd and Rahoon Rd, as I cycle that way to work most days. I didn't think it was a bad road for cyclists, I'm usually so relieved to get off Seamus Quirke Road, where there are lots of speeding motorists, that I relax a bit going down that road.

I still love cycling to work, even if it's not always fully safe. I arrive with more energy, fresher, and less stressed than when I used to take the car.

snubbleste

Rahoon/Shantalla road are used as a rat run and motorists speed regularly. There are no traffic lights to contend with or perceived delays for the motorist.
I've had far too many near misses there as a cyclist.

evil_seed

I actually had motorist move out of my way yesterday. I had on a hi-vis jacket with sleeves. I got it last week after being nearly run down by a b@st@rd truck

inisboffin

celty wrote: »

Inisboffin,

Surprised to read that re Shantalla Rd and Rahoon Rd, as I cycle that way to work most days. I didn't think it was a bad road for cyclists, I'm usually so relieved to get off Seamus Quirke Road, where there are lots of speeding motorists, that I relax a bit going down that road.

I still love cycling to work, even if it's not always fully safe. I arrive with more energy, fresher, and less stressed than when I used to take the car.

Yeah, it's a bit of a nightmare, not just for bikes but constant car near misses from the side going down. People don't seem to look coming out. Glad you haven't been clipped though. Sure we'll keep on cyclin'!

DonnieScribbles

julio_delg wrote: »

Hi there,

Does any of you know what would be the time necessary to go from Salthill (Baley point), to Merview, at about 8:00 in weekdays?

Many thanks

I used to do that route at about 9am every day a few years back and it took me about 15-20 minutes. I'd consider myself a slow cyclist though so it could be done faster. In the rain and wind it's nasty though, especially along Lough Atalia, so I'd recommend some decent waterproof gear!

harryd2

julio_delg wrote: »

Hi there,

Does any of you know what would be the time necessary to go from Salthill (Baley point), to Merview, at about 8:00 in weekdays?

Many thanks

I do that route everyday on bicycle.
It takes me 15mins, I cycle fast.
By car takes similar time or longer depending on time of day.

beardybrewer

In regards to the OP, the bike2work scheme has been a success is getting people to pick up a new bike. The trick is convinving them to ride even in bad weather. Remind anyone considering the scheme that accessories count so you can maximize savings on an otherwise expensive waterproof jacket and trousers.

martyboy48

newkie wrote: »

In regards to the OP, the bike2work scheme has been a success is getting people to pick up a new bike. The trick is convinving them to ride even in bad weather. Remind anyone considering the scheme that accessories count so you can maximize savings on an otherwise expensive waterproof jacket and trousers.

Yep, I agree that the bike2work scheme has been worthwhile, but it's a shame that some companies have restrictions on who you can buy from..
My advise is to price around for everything especially online...
I got my latest bike through this scheme purely because I didn't have to pay lump sum. The bike I purchased and accessories could have been bought online cheaper even taking the discount into account...
If you are on high tax the savings are more lucrative afaik..

VanhireBoys

I done the same - Back cycling now all the time ! Its not that dangerous TBH - you just have to keep your wits about you !

I seen a cyclist nearly come a cropper along the Salthill prom last night - a lady opened the door of her Clio as he cycled past ! She never looked !

It was close ! :eek:

Lets be careful out there !

what_traffic

VanhireBoys wrote: »

Its not that dangerous TBH - you just have to keep your wits about you !

Agree + if you have the cycling skills it makes a big difference cycling in a town like Galway. Galway Cycling Campaign have a very good Cycle Skills leaflet. Usually can pick them up at bike shops or the library.

VanhireBoys wrote: »

I seen a cyclist nearly come a cropper along the Salthill prom last night - a lady opened the door of her Clio as he cycled past ! She never looked !

It was close ! :eek:

Did he have to swerve to avoid collision or had he given himself enough clearance?

VanhireBoys

Fare play to him he had enough clearance to avoid it - Gave him a right fright but.... ! Made me think about parked cars ..!

Morgoth

I recently started a regular commute from Westside up to Parkmore East business park. Route is:

Cross the Quincentennial bridge (using "cycle" lane / footpath), through the Tesco roundabout (as a car would) and up Sean Mulvoy, through cemetary cross and out the Tuam road to the roundabout (Font?), then up to the Ballybane roundabout (Morris?), then out the dual-carriageway and into Parkmore from the Briarhill roundabout. I behave as a car would on all roads except on the bridge. Don't use the cycle lane on Bothar na dTreabh as it's ****e for re-entry into traffic at the Ballybane roundabout.

Observations:
- Every other morning I get beeped at (usually by a jeep?) either between the two roundabouts on Bother na dTreabh (for not using the cycle lane I guess) or else on the dual-carriageway (not sure why - I stay on the road but hug the line of the hard-shoulder, not in anyone's way..). This is around 7:30/7:45am so it's not like there's loads of traffic either.

- Fumes are a problem coming home (same route). Traffic is sometimes heavy coming back in the Tuam road, sometimes going down Sean Mulvoy, and always on the bridge between 5-7pm. Thinking of using something like this.

- It's easier to avoid the cycle lanes as this results in a much more free-flowing journey, even when obeying traffic lights etc. Also the roads are kept free of glass, cycle lanes are not. Definitely need more high-vis gear though for when the evenings get darker.


I'd love it if there was a lane on the road, that was kept free of glass, with a smooth surface, on all the major commuter routes around the city. That would especially include Lough Atalia, the old Dublin road, the Q-bridge, the Tuam road, the Ballybane road, all the dual carriage-ways, Seamus Quirke (we're getting a cycle path, will it be on the road? probably not) and probably a few others (any other routes to Knocknacarra/Salthill, etc.).

For any mid to long distance commute a road bike is IMHO essential and you need a good quality surface for these bikes given their lack of shock absorption and thin tyres. The bike to work scheme is great but the road infrastructure on the main routes around the city just isn't there to support a massive adoption of cycle-commuters.

Fuinseog

I used to cycle a lot around the city and now I have become a motorist and I see cyclists in a different light. Very few actually give a signal or have a light of their bike. Its a pain when the lights turn in your favour and a cyclist shoots in front of you cos he has broken the lights. They do not seem to be subject to any laws.

celty

Morgoth,

Congratulations and welcome to the club. I think your daily commute is more stressful than mine from Westside to the city centre, but I wouldn't go back to the car because I simply feel healthier when I get into work.

Presumably, when the traffic is heavier on your way home, you are actually passing out the cars?

The so called cycle lanes across the Quincentennial Bridge road are a disgrace and it would not cost the City Council that much to do them up. It's ironic they used to have signs encouraging people to cycle at the traffic lights when their own roads and roadworks are turning people off taking to the bikes.

I still find the main roads scary, such as when I arrive back onto the roundabout at Corrib Park.

Fuinseog, I also take your point. But as BOTH a cyclist and a car owner I find the attitude of some motorists (ie that cyclists don't exist) a lot scarier and a lot more dangerous and harmful than the odd cyclist who decides to break a red light.

celty

Are the fumes that bad? I couldn't imagine cycling to work every day in Bangkok or Delhi, where you'd definitely need a face mask ... in Galway, I still tell myself that I'm breathing in fresh air!

Fuinseog

its not a black or white issue. There seems to be an attitude in this country that if you cycle you must be poor so it hardly comes as a surprise that motorists honk at what they consider to be a lesser being.
attitudes would change if more people got on their bikes.

jimbobaloobob

i dont agree that cycling is seen with an attitude of rich or poor.

Its common place on the contintent to give a beep overtaking a cyclist if a section of roadway is considered tight.
I think too many people take issue with their hows my driving/cycling. Just get on with it. Fact of life is people are going to do stupid manoeuvres in all modes of transport, you just have to be prepared to avoid the obstacles that come in your way.

Im a regular driver and mainly cyclist from Furbo to Oranmore at all hours of day and night. I could write a book along with everyone else here on the stuff we see each day, thing is we live to tell the tale and worry about our own actions.

Galway has its problems traffic wise for both cyclists and motorists but at the same time its still a special city to cycle in, whether its through the fog along lough atalia and rising above it going up renmore, or out along the coast at salthill in a sunset, there isnt many places that are as lucky as us for scenery as we commute.

what_traffic

celty wrote: »

It's ironic they used to have signs encouraging people to cycle at the traffic lights when their own roads and roadworks are turning people off taking to the bikes.

These signs are from the Galway Cycling Campaign - not City Council.

ciotog

Fuinseog wrote: »

I used to cycle a lot around the city and now I have become a motorist and I see cyclists in a different light. Very few actually give a signal or have a light of their bike. Its a pain when the lights turn in your favour and a cyclist shoots in front of you cos he has broken the lights. They do not seem to be subject to any laws.

Cyclists are subject to laws governing road use, the problem is a lack of enforcement by the Gardai that would remind cyclists of this fact. I cycle most days and I see plenty of traffic offences from motorists and cyclists go unpunished so there's no incentive to behave correctly.

what_traffic

Morgoth wrote: »

I recently started a regular commute from Westside up to Parkmore East business park.

Been doing a similar commute for 6 years on the bike. 1 st year did the same route as yourself on a mountainbike on the cycle paths which where very hard on the bike but now have a hybrid road bike and go via Shantalla -> Lough Atalia -> Monivea Rd. Its 1.5km longer - but a better commute as avoid the stop starts between the roundabouts and it is not as hard on the bike from mounting and dismounting kerbs on the cycle path + the poor surface. Takes same length of time.

Morgoth wrote: »

For any mid to long distance commute a road bike is IMHO essential and you need a good quality surface for these bikes given their lack of shock absorption and thin tyres.

Agree if your doing 8km+ but alot of people in Galway could just use standard city bikes if their commute was in the 2->8km range.

beardybrewer

If they enforced the traffic laws that might just solve Galways traffic woes because 50% of us would be kicked off the streets. But as others have said... just get on with it. A-holes are universal.

Back to topic, addressing existing cycle lanes would be pretty cheap and make a big difference. I would never use the footpath if I didn't have to. Coming down by the rahoon cemetary the cars often leave no room so I get to play wing-mirror chicken... but then the roads often weren't planned with cyclists in mind. Another problem is crossing roundabouts at the same time as a car, they often cut corners driving across and edge you close to the curb. I despise the q-bridge type cycle lanes which are raised along with the footpath. As someone else mentioned it sucks that these aren't cleared of glass whereas if they were level with the road I beleive they would. Last winter I got several flats, all of them along the bridge.

what_traffic

newkie wrote: »

Coming down by the rahoon cemetary the cars often leave no room so I get to play wing-mirror chicken... but then the roads often weren't planned with cyclists in mind.

Agree - there are plans for this section of road you mention. City Council want to put in a bus lane inbound
See:
Public Notice: Part 8 Rahoon Road Bus Lane [Revised Dates]

http://www.galwaycity.ie/GeneralNews/060711_02.html

inisboffin

what_traffic wrote: »

Agree - there are plans for this section of road you mention. City Council want to put in a bus lane inbound
See:
Public Notice: Part 8 Rahoon Road Bus Lane [Revised Dates]

http://www.galwaycity.ie/GeneralNews/060711_02.html

There's a discussion about this proposal in the Seamus Quirke Road thread.

There will likely be much objection from locals. Cyclists and motorists. The proposed 'widening' is for a very short space, and only begins below the graveyard to the man road. The merge looks dangerous from the plans, particularly at the entrance to Rockfield Park. It's a cycle lane outbound, and a bus lane (and perhaps a cycle lane too) outbound. The engineers already revised plans to avoid land grabs. Not sure if it will happen tbh.
The only buses that will use this, or have permission to stop will be City Direct.

Morgoth

celty wrote: »

Are the fumes that bad? I couldn't imagine cycling to work every day in Bangkok or Delhi, where you'd definitely need a face mask ... in Galway, I still tell myself that I'm breathing in fresh air!

You're probably right. But traffic is relatively light even in the evenings now. Come September when the schools + college are back, and you get a mild evening with no wind, there's probably a couple of km on my route where I'd be spinning past the traffic jams clogging up the air. We shall see!

On the topic of cyclists not obeying the rules of the road - yeah okay we all do it to one extent or another. However consider this - you filter up through traffic to the front of a queue at traffic lights. The traffic is still stopped and the pedestrian lights go green. Technically you should wait with the traffic. But if you go early, during the pedestrian light, it means the traffic in the lane behind isn't pissed off waiting for your relatively slow cyclist acceleration.

Good example is crossing the Q-bridge going west. You're in the cycle lane approaching the junction, the lights are red. The cross traffic is green. You filter onto the road just in front of the traffic and wait. Then the cross traffic lights go red, pedestrian goes green. I tend to go right away rather than wait - I'll make it all the way to the hospital roundabout before the traffic catches me. End result is no one is pissed off. :-)
(until I act the crazy cyclist on the roundabout by taking the 4th exit while staying in the outside lane, just as the rules of the road instruct!).

Morgoth

Oooh one other thing that might be more suited to the Cycling forum, but is a cyclist entitled to not use the cycle lane? Say there's a perfectly good cycle lane but the cyclist chooses to cycle in the regular traffic lane instead... is that perfectly legal? (and just perhaps a tad inconsiderate to the motorists)

what_traffic

Morgoth wrote: »

Oooh one other thing that might be more suited to the Cycling forum, but is a cyclist entitled to not use the cycle lane? Say there's a perfectly good cycle lane but the cyclist chooses to cycle in the regular traffic lane instead... is that perfectly legal? (and just perhaps a tad inconsiderate to the motorists)

Yes its more of a cycle forum question. Its been raised there before.
It depends on the signs that are on place in the cycle path. Paint markings on the path on its own do not mean anything without the correct signs.
See:
http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1997/en/si/0182.html#zzsi182y1997a14

and the following boards post
http://www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showpost.php?p=57778733&postcount=21

and
http://www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=2055926714&page=2

I dont believe there are any legal cycle paths in Galway city based on above. Am open to correction on that

galwaycyclist

Morgoth wrote: »

Good example is crossing the Q-bridge going west. You're in the cycle lane approaching the junction, the lights are red. The cross traffic is green. You filter onto the road just in front of the traffic and wait. Then the cross traffic lights go red, pedestrian goes green. I tend to go right away rather than wait - I'll make it all the way to the hospital roundabout before the traffic catches me. End result is no one is pissed off. :-)

This is one of those sticks that is regularly used to beat cyclists. Running red lights is one of things that gets us a lot of bad publicity - especially pedestrian crossings. (I understand that you're not simply ignoring the lights but that its a carefully considered tactic on your part).

The problem with that is that the way Irish traffic engineers try to use traffic lights would be considered bizarre in some other Northern European countries so just attacking cyclists as law breakers is not reasonable either.

For instance in the Netherlands, at the Newcastle junction you describe, they might put in a four-way green for the cyclists, so your manouevre would be perfectly legal.

Morgoth wrote: »

(until I act the crazy cyclist on the roundabout by taking the 4th exit while staying in the outside lane, just as the rules of the road instruct!).

1) I wouldnt necessarily trust advice from the RSA see if you can get the Cycle Campaign cycle skills leaflets at the library.

2) You might get away with this at Corrib park because all the exits you cross in this instance are single lane. Also the traffic heading for Westside from the bridge tends to stay in the left lane. If you did this where you are crossing double lane exits this tactic might put you in increased danger.

whineflu

galwaycyclist wrote: »

Running red lights is one of things that gets us a lot of bad publicity - especially pedestrian crossings.

I always yield to pedestrians at crossings and I never cycle on foot paths but I'll stop jumping red lights when the majority of motorists obey the city speed limit.

Robbo

I point to Galway cyclists and I point to this. That is all.

Greenfieldism, am I doing it right?

celty

Robbo,

I have to say I agree with Whineflu more than you, as a car owner who cycles now virtually all of the time.

If motorists even noticed bikes, I would not 'jump' red lights. But I do, because it's safer for me than taking a turn and 'competing' with cars.

That said, I would NEVER cycle the wrong way down a one way street or on a footpath.

Who's the dude in the pic BTW? Hope he's ok with it being pasted up on boards!

galwaycyclist

celty wrote: »

That said, I would NEVER cycle the wrong way down a one way street..

Ah yes but why shouldn't you be able to? Bremen started making one-way streets two-way for cyclists in 1980. In Brussels, all one-way streets are two-way for cyclists by default unless there is some specific reason not to let them. German data suggests that making one-way streets two-way for cyclists lead to a reduction in the overall number of collisions.

Making Galway's one-way streets two-way was first suggested in a 1979 report.

The Irish traffic regulations were changed in 1998 to facilitate two-way exemptions for cyclists.

Get this: In 2004 Galway's elected city council voted to put a specific provision in the city development plan committing the city to exploring the option of making the one-way streets two-way for cyclists where feasible. This decision was recorded in the meeting minutes but strangely never appeared in the published city development plan.

celty

galwaycyclist,

would this involve special lanes for cyclists going the 'wrong way'. I've seen numerous cyclists get into near scrapes on narrow Galway streets such as Abbeygate St because they've been foolish enough to cycle the wrong way.

celty

Whineflu's point about motorists not obeying the speed limit is a good one too. I've lost count of the number of times motorists have beeped at me for trying to make a right turn ... while they are zooming towards me at well over the speed limit!

ciotog

celty wrote: »

Whineflu's point about motorists not obeying the speed limit is a good one too. I've lost count of the number of times motorists have beeped at me for trying to make a right turn ... while they are zooming towards me at well over the speed limit!

I find that a problem when I'm turning right into the IDA Park in Dangan - a lot of motorists accelerate to the amber (running the red light in some cases) while I'm trying to make the turn.

galwaycyclist

celty wrote: »

galwaycyclist,

would this involve special lanes for cyclists going the 'wrong way'. I've seen numerous cyclists get into near scrapes on narrow Galway streets such as Abbeygate St because they've been foolish enough to cycle the wrong way.

Long story short it depends on the nature of the street and the traffic. Much of the medieaval core of the city should have a 30kph speed limit anyway. (This would be standard elsewhere in Europe).

The first step should be to try and eliminate one-way streets generally. The use of one-way streets is a means whereby traffic engineers try to get more cars through a constricted space. So at Prospect Hill/Foster St/Eyre Square one-way streets have been used to create a big roundabout - there is a plan for a similar thing down the west on Dominick street/Fair Hill.

Galway is a historical city. Should we be trying to get more and more cars through a historical city anyway? Or should we stop trying? Car traffic will always grow to occupy the capacity provided for it.

Where traffic speeds and volumes are low - there should be no need for cycle lanes. On some roads there might be a need to remove or relocate car parking so as to provide more width. (The roads were probably made one-way to provide car parking in the first place without any regard for the wider effects). e.g Nuns Island where bizarrely enough, the city made it illegal for kids to cycle to school from the West.

On a narrow road like Abbygate street, people will just have to negotiate with each other. It happens all the time on narrow single lane roads that happen to be two-way.

Where roads are multilane, or have heavy traffic, a contraflow cycle lane might be needed.

galwaycyclist

There is a Belgian video here

Duel on the one way street
http://www.gracq.be/CAPSULES/SUL

Its a bit long but it illustrates the concept of negotiation in narrow spaces.

galwaycyclist

Here's something Galway cyclists need to be looking at

"Bothar na dTreabh (N6) Multi Modal Corridor Improvement Scheme Phase 3 Part VIII Planning Application Font and Morris Roundabouts"

These are the proposals to replace the big roundabouts at the Tuam rd and the N6 at Ballybane/Ballybrit with traffic lights. This is currently out for public consultation.

Anyone who works in Boston Scientific/Hewlett Packard should have an interest in this. Likewise anyone who cycles into the city via the Monivea Rd from Ballybrit/Castlepark/Doughiska.

People who work in Parkmore should also take a keen interest.

The closing date for observations on this is the 29th of August.

It is likely cycling interests will be meeting with the engineers to discuss the designs.

inkwell

Two years ago I bought nice expensive bike as I always love to cycle.
Sold it after 6 months, because I was almost killed twice and was tired of breathing in exaust fumes and beeing descrimiated on the street by car drivers.
No paths for bikes i this town unfortunately and roundabouts are a nightmare.

galwaycyclist

Hi

There is a "Workplace Cycle Champions" project kicking off shortly in conjunction with the Chamber of Commerce. It relates to the subsidised bike parking the Chamber already offers its members and also the "Bike to work" scheme.

The champions scheme will provide subsidised cycle skills training to existing cycle commuters. The idea is that they can act as mentors to support colleagues who want try cycling to work.

The instruction will be carried out to the English National Standard and goes up to handling multilane roundabouts.
http://www.ctc.org.uk/resources/Training_and_Education/TheClientStandard_ver4.doc

Before the main scheme starts there will be few dry runs to test potential training location. Ideally this needs a few guinea pigs to play the role of the students. If you think you might benefit from a bit of free coaching in traffic skills for cyclists then pm me and we'll see if we can fit you in one of the trial runs.

sonandheir

Just had to say the new cycle lane at the junction of newcastle rd and quincentinnel bridge is excellent. It gives me great hope for the rest of this upgrade of n6 with cyclists and pedestrians in mind. I cycle from Knocknacarra to Ballybrit and at current it is a deadly route mainly as what cycle lanes there are end at roundabouts and junctions. if they continue with this type of integrated junctions all the way over I hope it will encourage more cyclists. I have been extremely skeptical of this upgrade due to past projects undertaken by city council but must say this project could be a great success (for cyclists anyway)