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Religious belief and practice
In 1974, 91% of irish people attended mass, in 2002 this number declined
to 48%, these statistics show the decline of religious practice in Ireland. There are many reasons for this decline, Ireland has become more affluent and therefore there are many distractions for example shops being open on Sundays, people would rather go shopping than attend mass. Other reasons include, people work on Sundays and have less time for mass, the clergy don’t have the power they used to, the exposure of Ireland to other cultures and religions(examples are the first broadcast of rte in 1961 and people holidaying abroad more).
Religious belief has also declined, in the European values study there
was a 1% decline in belief in god from 1981 to 1999 there was also a 6% drop in life after death and a 3% drop in belief in heaven. These numbers are not huge but the decline is still there. The recent news headlines of abuse within the clergy may have contributed to this and also the exposure to new religions
There are some religious practices that were common in Ireland but
Have almost been forgotten and are rarely practiced, such as benediction, stations mass, rosary, and stations of the cross. Benediction is a ceremony in which the body of christ is put into a monstrous, it usually happens during October or may and is a celebration of the blessed sacrament.
The rosary is said in some homes every night and is highly associated
With lent. For every decade of the rosary 10 hail marys are said along with an our father and a glory be.. There are 4 sets of mysteries, the joyful mysteries, the sorrowful mysteries, the luminus mysteries and the glorious mysteries.
The stations mass was very popular in rural Ireland, it was a mass in
Which the local people would take in turns to host in their houses. It was a big deal for families and the house would be cleaned from top to bottom, walls would be painted, broken fixtures would be mended, meals would be cooked for the guests and the guests would wear their best clothes. The priest said mass and afterwards he would sleep and then the celebrations would begin.
The stations of the cross is where you follow the events of jesus’ death
and for each one say a hail mary an our father and a glory be… . For each station there is a picture of the event happening from the time jesus was condemned to his death, there are a total of 14 stations.
Most of these religious practices are either rarely done or not done at all
This is an indication of the drop in religious practice in Ireland, which shows that less people spend time doing things associated to god.0 -
Transport in plants
Water transport in plants
The flow of water from the roots to the leaves of a plant is called the transpiration system. Water is lost through tiny pores in the leaf called stomata. As water is lost through the leaves more is sucked up through the xylem vessels from the roots to replace it
Factors that affect transpiration
Sunlight - bright sunlight causes stomata to open wider which allows more water to evaporate
Wind - a gentle breeze increases transpiration as it blows away the water vapour away allowing water vapour to follow from the leaf
Humidity - low humidity increases transpiration because the air outside the leaf is not already full of water vapour
Soil water - high amounts of soil water will mean more water will be transpired
Food transport in plants
Food is transported from the leaf to the rest of the plant in the phloem vessels
Sensitivity in plants
Phototropism
Phototropism is the growth of a plant in response to light, the stem grows towards the light to allow more photosynthesis to take place.
Geotropism
Geotropism is the growth of a plant’s roots in response to gravity. This causes the roots to grow down in the soil for anchorage water and minerals.
Speed velocity & acceleration
Speed
Speed is the distance an object travels per unit time.
distance (m)
Speed= time (s)
Velocity
Velocity is speed in a given direction
Acceleration
Acceleration is the change in velocity per second
Change in velocity (m/s)
Acceleration= time taken (s)
When the velocity is decreasing it is called deceleration
Graphs
Graphs can be used to measure acceleration, a straight line graph shows that the acceleration is constant.
Weight
The weight of an object is the force of gravity acting on it. Weight is mesured
in newtons. Weight= mass (kg) x 10n/kg (earths gravity)
The earth has a gravitational pull of 10n/kg
The moon has a gravitational pull of 1.67 n/kg
A mountain has a gravitational pull of approx. 9 n/kg
Outer space has a gravitational pull of 0 n/kg. in other words an object in space would be weightless.
mass weight
Measured in kilograms Measured in newtons
Fixed never changes Varies, depending on where you are
Is a fixed property of all things Is a force or pull on something
Force work and power
Force
A force is anything that causes an object to move, it is measured in newtons(N)
Examples of forces- push, pull, weight, friction, electric & magnetic.
To measure a force a spring balance is used.
For every force there is an opposite and equal force.
Hookes law
Hookes law states that the extension of a spring is said to be in direct proportion to the size of the force applied to it.
Friction
Friction is the force which prevents easy movement between two objects in contact. Examples of friction are sandpaper, car tyres and rough soled tyres. To reduce friction we use a lubricant e.g. oil or grease.
Work
Work is when a force moves an object. The amount of work done depends on 2 things 1- force applied 2- distance an object is moved.
Work= force(n) x distance(m)
Work is measured in joules.
Power
Power is the rate at which work is done. Power is measured in watts(w).
work done (j)
Power= time taken (s)0 -
Food and drink
Hambre y sed
Tengo hambre - I’m hungry
Tengo sed - I’m thirsty
Quierres comer/tomer algo?- would you like anything to eat/drink?
Quierro comer/tomer algo- I would like something to eat/drink
Que quierres comer/tomer?- what would you like to eat/drink
Vamos- lets go
Está lleno/llena- its full
Esta cerrado/cerreda- its closed
Mala suerte- bad luck
Entonces- in that case
Pizzería pizza parlour
Hamburguesería hamburger joint
Heladaría- ice-cream parlour
Cafetería- cafe
Restaurante restaurant
Food drink
Bocadillo- sandwich limonada- lemonade
Hamburguesa- burger coca cola- coke
Helado- ice cream agua- water
Pizza - pizza café: solo - normal
Tortilla- omelette con leche - with milk
Patatas fritas- chips/crisps leche- milk
Ensalada -salad batido- milkshake
Queso- cheese naranjada- orange juice
Jamon- ham
Chocolate- chocolate
Fresa- strawberry
Vainilla- vanilla
Oiga camarero
Oiga- excuse me
Qué van a tomar?- what are you going to have
para mí- for me
Algo más?- anything else?
Y para beber?- and to drink ?
Desputés- afterwards
Nada más- nothing else
Para usted?- what are you having (polite)
No hay- we don’t have
Ya no hay- there is none left
Qué rico- delicious
Qué aproveche- enjoy your meal
La cuenta
La cuenta- the bill
Tome usted- here you are
En total- in total
Más- plus
El dinero- money
El cambio- change
Los numeros
Cero-0 noventa-90
Diez-10 cien-100
Veinte-20 ciento diez-110
Veinticinco-25 doscientas-200
Treinta-30 trescientas-300
Treinta y cinco-35 cuatrocientas-400
Cuarenta-40 quinientas-500
Cincuanta-50 seiscientas-700
Sesenta-60 ochocientas-800
Setenta-70 novecientas-900
Ochenta-80 mil- 1,000
Que te pasa
Que te pasa?- whats the matter me duele____- my____ hurts
Me siento mal- I don’t feel well me voy a casa- I’m going home
Qué te duele- what hurts? Lo siento- im sorry
Te duele____?- does your __ hurt?
The body
El brazo- the arms la mano-the hand
La cabeza- the head la espalda- the back
Las muelas- the teeth la pierna- the leg
La garganta- the throat el pie- the foot
El estomago- the stomach la pelo- the hair
Comes
El desayuno- breakfast la merienda- afternoon snack
La comida- lunch la cena- dinner
Fruta
Plátano- banana pera- pear
Naranja- orange melocotón- peach
Límon- lemon uvas- grapes
Pina- pineapple melón- melon
Food that came from south america
Potatoes
Chocolate
Avocado
Wine
Turkey
Tomatoes
La moda
Clothes
La camisa- shirt la camiseta- t-shirt
La chaqueta- jacket la falda- skirt
El chaleco- waistcoat el jersey- jumper
El gorro- a cap las botas- boots
Las medias- tights el vestido- a dress
Los pantalones-trousers los vaqueros- jeans
Los zapatos- shoes los pantelones cortos- shorts
Qué me pongo
Qué me pongo?- what will I wear
Ponte….- wear…..
Me está bien ….- do I look good in ……
Me pongo…- I’m wearing…
La talla- size
Cuanto cuesta…- how much is …
Gramática
Este- this (masculine singular) ese- that (masculine singular)
Estos - this (masculine plural) esos- that (masculine plural)
Esta - this (feminine singular) esa- that (feminine singular)
Estas - this (feminine plural) esas- that feminine plural)
La talla
Qué talla tienes- what dress size are you
Qué numero usas- what shoe size are you
En la verbana
Quieres bailar?- would you like to dance
Qué … eres - how … you are
Eres muy… - you are very…
Qué … más bonitas tienes- what lovely … you have
Bailamos
Bailamos- lets dance derecho- right pon- put
Te enseno- I’ll show you átras- backwards enfrente- in front
Levanta- lift izquierdo- left al lado de- next to
Empieza- begin otra- other otra vez- again
Juntos- together cruza- cross el suelo- floor
Mueve- move delante- forward eso es- that’s it0 -
Style
Point of View
The most outstanding aspect of To Kill a Mockingbird's construction lies in its distinctive narrative point of view. Scout Finch, who narrates in the first person ("I"), is nearly six years old when the novel opens. The story, however, is recalled by the adult Scout; this allows her first-person narrative to contain adult language and adult insights yet still maintain the innocent outlook of a child. The adult perspective also adds a measure of hindsight to the tale, allowing for a deeper examination of events. The narrative proceeds in a straightforward and linear fashion, only jumping in time when relating past events as background to some present occurrence. Scout's account is broken into two parts: the two years before the trial, and the summer of the trial and the autumn that follows. Some critics have proposed that Part II itself should have been broken into two parts, the trial and the Halloween pageant; William T. Going suggests that this arrangement would keep the latter section from "seeming altogether an anticlimax to the trial of Tom."
Setting
The setting of To Kill a Mockingbird is another big factor in the story, for the action never leaves the town of Maycomb, Alabama. Maycomb is described variously as "an old town," "an ancient town," and "a tired old town," suggesting a conservative place that is steeped in tradition and convention. Scout's description of the local courthouse reinforces this impression. The building combines large Greek-style pillars — the only remnants from the original building that burned years ago — with the early Victorian design of its replacement. The result is an architectural oddity that indicates "a people determined to preserve every physical scrap of the past." The time of the novel is also significant, for the years 1933 to 1935 were in the midst of the Great Depression. These economic hard times affected the entire town, for if farmers and other laborers made barely enough money to survive, they had no extra money with which they could pay professionals like doctors and lawyers. When Atticus renders a legal service for Walter Cunningham Sr., a farmer whose property rights are in question because of an entailment, he is repaid with goods such as firewood and nuts instead of cash. This history between the two men influences events during the novel; when a lynch mob appears at the local jail, Scout recognizes Cunningham as her father's former client. The conversation she strikes up with him recalls him to his senses, and he sheepishly leads the mob away.
Symbolism
As the title of the novel implies, the mockingbird serves as an important symbol throughout the narrative. When the children receive guns for Christmas, Atticus tells them it's all right to shoot at blue jays, but "it's a sin to kill a mockingbird." As Miss Maudie Atkinson explains, it would be thoughtlessly cruel to kill innocent creatures that "don't do one thing but make music for us to enjoy." The mockingbirds are silent as Atticus takes to the street to shoot the rabid dog, and Scout describes a similar silence in the courtroom just prior to the jury pronouncing Tom Robinson guilty. The innocent but suffering mockingbird is recalled in an editorial B. B. Underwood writes about Robinson's death, and again when Scout tells her father that revealing Boo Radley's role in Bob Ewell's death would be "like shootin' a mockingbird." Another powerful symbol is contained in the snowman Scout and Jem build after Maycomb's rare snowfall. Because there is very little snow, Jem makes the base of the figure from mud; they then change their "morphodite" from black to white with a coating of snow. When Miss Maudie's house catches fire that night, the snow melts and the figure becomes black once again. Its transformation suggests that skin color is a limited distinction that reveals little about an individual's true worth.
Humor
One element of the novel's construction that shouldn't be overlooked is Lee's use of humor. The serious issues the novel grapples with are lightened by episodes that use irony and slapstick humor, among other techniques. Just prior to Bob Ewell's attack on the children, for instance, is a scene where Scout misses her cue during the Halloween pageant, only to make her entrance as a ham during Mrs. Merriweather's sober grand finale. Scout's matter-of-fact, childish recollections also provide entertainment; she recalls that when Dill ignored her, his "fiancee," in favor of Jem, "I beat him up twice but it did no good." Other characters are full of wit as well, Miss Maudie Atkinson in particular. When exasperated by Stephanie Crawford's tales of Boo Radley peeking in her windows at night, she replies, "What did you do, Stephanie, move over in the bed and make room for him?" Including such humorous portrayals of human faults enlivens a serious plot, adds depth to the characterizations, and creates a sense of familiarity and universality, all factors that have contributed to the success and popularity of the work0 -
does anyone have any spanish notes? there dosnt seem to ba any on here, the only language (apart from irish) seems to be french, am i the only person out there who does spanish?? :O lol0
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There is Spanish notes posted two posts before yours !!0
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It's not that easy to find the notes you're looking for, to be honest. While I like the idea of having a separate thread for each subject, that would clutter the forum, and would probably require a sub-forum.
What do you guys think?0 -
Sub Forum for notes.0
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Saved and Bookmarked.
THANK YOU.!0 -
The longest thing I think I have ever type, all my irish notes some stuff my be a bit of a joke to some of ye but it's the best I could put togetherIrish phrases/Words for - letters, stories etc...Le breis - More than
Is beag áit - Tis few places
Thar an ngealach le gliondar - Over the moon with happiness
Den chéad uair - For the first time
Ní mó ná sásta - Not happy
An chéad rud - The first thing
Thug mé faoi deara - I noticed
Ba bheag nar - Nearly
Ní raibh oiread is - These wasn't as mush as
Toisc/Mar- Because
Ní raibh aon dara rogha agam - I had no other choice
Taibhsíodh di - Seemed to her
Le hiontas - In wonder
Lig sé osna fháda - He let out a long sigh
Gan tracht - Not to mention
Lamh in uachtar - upper hand
Ní fhéadfadh sé - He wouldn't be able
De bhreis ar - As a result
Scaití/Uaireanta - Sometimes
Seafóideacha - Ridiculous
Snag anála - Deep breath
Aniar aduaidh - Very fast
Diadh ar ndiadh - Bit by bit
Gclaochlú suntasach - Remarkable change
Cúraimí an tí - Responsibility of the house
Ar bhealach - In a way
Mar sin de - Because of this
Gan smaoineamh - Without thinking
Ba leor - Enough
Tháinig mé uirthí - I came upon
Bealach amháin no bealach - One way or another
Marófar mé - I will be killed
Gan choinne - Without warning
Ná hábair é - Don't mention it
Ar tí - About to
Den chuid is mó de - Most of the time
Gach uile chearn den tír - Every corner of the country
Anonn is anall - Backwards and forwards
Drogall - Reluctant
San ám céanna - At the same time
Géarghá - Real need
Cogar - Listen
Leag sé siúl ar - He layed his eyes on
Loinnir ina shúile - Glistening in his eyes
Ar mhullach snoic - At the top of the mountain
Snámh in aghaidh easa - Swimming against the tide
Loit/Mhill - Destroy
Coiméad/Cosaint/Saoradh - Protect
Mionlach - Minority
Formhór - Majority
Amhail is - Like as if
Bhí sé tagtha - He had come
Draíochta - Mystifying
Bhí socraithe acu - They decided
Torann na mbos - noise of the applause
Pé náire - Whatever shame
Ceannaireacht - Leadership
Is mó a bhraitheann - It depends
Go huile is go iomlán - Totally believing
Smacht a fháil orthu - Control over them
i bpreabadh na súil - In the blink of an eye
In ionad - Instead of
Ag dul iméid - Increasing
Tháinig loinnir ina shúile - His eyes lit up0 -
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I will be posting pretty much all my revision notes here from Christmas on, when I'll have my own laptop.0
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TehFionnster wrote: »Cuir
Chuirfinn
Chuirfeá
Chuirfeadh sé/sí
Chuirfimís
Chuirfeadh sibh
Chuirfidís
Cuirfí
Cad é sin?0 -
Saor Briathar.
Is é cósúil le "would be put"
mar shampla,
Cuirfí an cupán ar an mbord
= the cup would be put on the table.0 -
The Módh Coniollach0
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TehFionnster wrote: »Saor Briathar.
Is é cósúil le "would be put"
mar shampla,
Cuirfí an cupán ar an mbord
= the cup would be put on the table.
Do we need to know that? We've never done 'cuirfí' or similar for any verbs. And I have an unreal teacher.0 -
Well, Its damn handy and we'll say "Déanfaí an oibre" shows a higher standard than say, "bheadh an obair déanta"
Plus, I find it easier to use than having to look up the verb you want.
Also, Have you done declensions?0 -
TehFionnster wrote: »Well, Its damn handy and we'll say "Déanfaí an oibre" shows a higher standard than say, "bheadh an obair déanta"
Plus, I find it easier to use than having to look up the verb you want.
Also, Have you done declensions?
Declensions? What are they? :rolleyes:0 -
Brilliant, Haha, My teacher goes on about them the whole time and never does them so I don't have a clue :rolleyes:0
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Notaí Gaeilge Píosa a dó
Saor Briathar
Aimsir Chaite
An chéad réimniú
Briathra leathan: Briathra Caola:
-adh -eadh
An Dara Réimniú
Briathra leathan: Briathra Caola:
-aíodh -íodh
Aimsir Láithreach
An chéad Réimniú
Briathra leathan: Briathra Caola:
-tar -tear
An dara Réimniú
Briathra leathan: Briathra Caola:
-aítear -ítear
================================
Samplach Amháin:
Cuir:
Cuiradh x =x was put
Cuirtear x =x is put
Ceannaigh:
Ceannáiodh x = x was bought
Ceannaítear x = x is bought
Ná Usáid seimhú ná Urú sa Saor Briathar.
===========================================
Tá Aimsir Fháistineach agus Modh Cíonniollach ag teacht go luath0 -
TehFionnster wrote: »Notaí Gaeilge Píosa a dó
Saor Briathar
Aimsir Chaite
An chéad réimniú
Briathra leathan: Briathra Caola:
-adh -eadh
An Dara Réimniú
Briathra leathan: Briathra Caola:
-aíodh -íodh
Aimsir Láithreach
An chéad Réimniú
Briathra leathan: Briathra Caola:
-tar -tear
An dara Réimniú
Briathra leathan: Briathra Caola:
-aítear -ítear
================================
Samplach Amháin:
Cuir:
Cuiradh x =x was put
Cuirtear x =x is put
Ceannaigh:
Ceannáiodh x = x was bought
Ceannaítear x = x is bought
Ná Usáid seimhú ná Urú sa Saor Briathar.
===========================================
Tá Aimsir Fháistineach agus Modh Cíonniollach ag teacht go luath
This detail is mainly for use if you are looking for the top A grade at higher level junior cert level........it's very impressive though if you casn throw it into your writhing........an essay phrase you could use it for could cuirtear é ar shíntean agus tógadh é go dtí an t-ospideíl (spl?)0 -
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Anyone got any sample answers for a theme question for To Kill a Mockingbird, preferably an A-standard answer?
Edit: Nevermind, I have a good one, I think. I wouldn't mind a 'favourite scene' answer though on the court scene.0 -
hey guys,
anyone want help with anything in particular?
tbh i find the best type of revision for me is typing out notes for my friends etc. lol
so if anyone wants help with anything specific just let me know
my most concise subjects are homeec, spanish, science, maths, history, english (ive done to kill a mockingbird and romeo and juliet) and geography
dont be afraid to ask0 -
Anyone wants Irish grammar notes, I'm yer man :P
Also, If ya want sample answers on :
Prós
An t-Ádh
An Gadaí
Filíocht
Anseo i lar an ghleanna
Fear Lasta Lampaí
:pac:0 -
anyone got any irish notes on:
prose:
David lang ar iarradh
poetry:
reitoig mharfach
teilifis
fear leasta lampai
??
also, for the poetry, is 3 enough, my teacher seems to think so lol0 -
anyone got any irish notes on:
prose:
David lang ar iarradh
poetry:
reitoig mharfach
teilifis
fear leasta lampai
??
also, for the poetry, is 3 enough, my teacher seems to think so lol
Honestly, I don't think so. I'll post up a sample answer for Subh Milis for you over Christmas. Learn that and you should be fine. You would probably be grand with that alone. It's just so simple and covers a lot.0 -
You should be grand as Fear Leasta Lampai covers a lot of themes0
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I only had one poem and I was fine just make sure what you learn covers a lot of themes0
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Cakesofrice wrote: »You should be grand as Fear Leasta Lampai covers a lot of themes
I'd say listen to this tbh. I haven't done any of those poems, so I wouldn't know what they cover. Would do no harm to learn a 4th though.0 -
The longest thing I think I have ever type, all my irish notes some stuff my be a bit of a joke to some of ye but it's the best I could put togetherIrish phrases/Words for - letters, stories etc...
Le breis - More than
Is beag áit - Tis few places
Thar an ngealach le gliondar - Over the moon with happiness
Den chéad uair - For the first time
Ní mó ná sásta - Not happy
An chéad rud - The first thing
Thug mé faoi deara - I noticed
Ba bheag nar - Nearly
Ní raibh oiread is - These wasn't as mush as
Toisc/Mar- Because
Ní raibh aon dara rogha agam - I had no other choice
Taibhsíodh di - Seemed to her
Le hiontas - In wonder
Lig sé osna fháda - He let out a long sigh
Gan tracht - Not to mention
Lamh in uachtar - upper hand
Ní fhéadfadh sé - He wouldn't be able
De bhreis ar - As a result
Scaití/Uaireanta - Sometimes
Seafóideacha - Ridiculous
Snag anála - Deep breath
Aniar aduaidh - Very fast
Diadh ar ndiadh - Bit by bit
Gclaochlú suntasach - Remarkable change
Cúraimí an tí - Responsibility of the house
Ar bhealach - In a way
Mar sin de - Because of this
Gan smaoineamh - Without thinking
Ba leor - Enough
Tháinig mé uirthí - I came upon
Bealach amháin no bealach - One way or another
Marófar mé - I will be killed
Gan choinne - Without warning
Ná hábair é - Don't mention it
Ar tí - About to
Den chuid is mó de - Most of the time
Gach uile chearn den tír - Every corner of the country
Anonn is anall - Backwards and forwards
Drogall - Reluctant
San ám céanna - At the same time
Géarghá - Real need
Cogar - Listen
Leag sé siúl ar - He layed his eyes on
Loinnir ina shúile - Glistening in his eyes
Ar mhullach snoic - At the top of the mountain
Snámh in aghaidh easa - Swimming against the tide
Loit/Mhill - Destroy
Coiméad/Cosaint/Saoradh - Protect
Mionlach - Minority
Formhór - Majority
Amhail is - Like as if
Bhí sé tagtha - He had come
Draíochta - Mystifying
Bhí socraithe acu - They decided
Torann na mbos - noise of the applause
Pé náire - Whatever shame
Ceannaireacht - Leadership
Is mó a bhraitheann - It depends
Go huile is go iomlán - Totally believing
Smacht a fháil orthu - Control over them
i bpreabadh na súil - In the blink of an eye
In ionad - Instead of
Ag dul iméid - Increasing
Tháinig loinnir ina shúile - His eyes lit up
brilliant!:D, Thank you! Any more Irish grammar would be greatly appreciated!;) ...I have good notes on Geog, English (Roll of Thunder) , Maths, Science, C.S.P.E., French, Technology if any1 would like them :pac:0 -
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niaroh1x96 wrote: »brilliant!:D, Thank you! Any more Irish grammar would be greatly appreciated!;) ...I have good notes on Geog, English (Roll of Thunder) , Maths, Science, C.S.P.E., French, Technology if any1 would like them :pac:
I wouldn't mind some notes on Current Electricity, Electronics, and Electricity in the Home. There's no rush or anything, and it's grand if you can't.0 -
Just Contribute wrote: »I wouldn't mind some notes on Current Electricity, Electronics, and Electricity in the Home. There's no rush or anything, and it's grand if you can't.0
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niaroh1x96 wrote: »No problem.....like Voltage, Current, Power etc.?? and Electronic circuits??
Yes, please!0 -
Just Contribute wrote: »Yes, please!
Electricity
There are four main terms we use when talking about Electricity:
1. Voltage
2. Current
3. Resistance
4. Power
1. Voltage
Voltage (symbol = V)
Voltage is a measure of the difference in energy levels between the poles of a battery. ie. it provides the "pressure" which causes electricity to flow.
Voltage can also mean the measure of energy levels between one end of a circuit and the other. This can also be called the potential difference.
Voltage is measured in volts (symbol = v)
2. Current
Current (symbol = I)
Current is the rate of flow of electricity
Current is measured in amps (symbol = a)
3. Resistance
Resistance (symbol = R)
Anything which oposes the flow of current in a circuit is said to offer resistance.
Resistance is measured in ohms (symbol = Ω)
4. Power
Power (symbol = P)
Power is the product of voltage and current (Voltage X Current)
Power is measured in watts (symbol = w)
Ohm's Law
Hope this helps...more to come :pac:0 -
Ohm's law ^^0 -
Electronic Circuits/Systems
Human beings have five senses :
sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell
As we live our lives , the body takes in information, via the senses, and the brain processes this information. The brain may then respond and cause the body to move, produce sound etc. An electronic system operates in a similar way. It has 3 parts:
1. Input - senses changes in the environment
2. Processing - makes a response to these changes
3. Output - performs whatever function is required
Input devices
Thermistor
Light Dependant Resistor (L.D.R.)
Touch or moisture detector
Variable resistor
etc.
Input sensors respond to changes in their surroundings such as light and temperature
Processing devices
Transistor
A transistor is an electronic switch, it can be used to amplify the current. A transistor will only turn on when a certain voltage is present across it.
Transistors have three terminals: COLLECTER , BASE & EMITTER
Output devices
Motors
Lamps
Buzzers
etc.
Hope this helps .....anything else youd like?0 -
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Gramadach.
Píosa a trí
Saor briathar, Roinn II
Fhaistineach
An Chéad Réimniú
Briathra Leathan: -far
Briathra Caola: -fear
An Dara Réimniú
Briathra Leathan : -ófar
Briathra Caola : -eofar
Samplach Amhain
Cuir
Cuirfear x = x will be put
Meas
Measfar x = x will be thought
Ceannaigh
Ceannófar x = x will be bought
Imir
Imreofar x = x will be played.
(Tá an córas gramadach seo an-usaideacha, má theastaíonn uait grád A nó B a fháil, gheobhaidh é seo a lán marcaí duitse)0 -
Atoms, Elements, and Compounds.
This is probably the easiest chapter in Chemistry, but it is essential that you understand it as it is the base for an important part of the Chemistry course. It is very simple and you only have to learn off a few definitions.- An atom is the smallest part of an element that still has properties of that element.
- An element is a substance which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
- A compound is formed when two or more elements chemically combine. A compound is a completely new substance with its own properties.
- A molecule is the smallest part of an element or compound that can exist on its own.
That's it - there are no experiments or anything.0 -
could someone do me a hugeeeee favour??
ok well ive done 2 poems, fear leasta lampai, and reiteog mharfach, could someone post me up some notes for either?? my teacher is useless, she gives us notes in irish, and doesnt tell us what they are, like if they are sample answers or themes or emotions etc.
im confused!
also, is there any prose that covers pretty much most topics?
irish really doesnt sit well with me and the less i have to learn the better i suppose, the same goes for poety,
so basicly what im asking is if there is 1 poem and 1 prose i could get notes for that would do for everything? they probably dont exsist but hey, might as well ask0 -
Any merchant of venice notes ? Quotes & scenes would be appriciated .0
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1st Year
1. FINDING OUT ABOUT THE PAST
History: the story of the past
Herodotus: father of history
Prehistory
Archive: documents
Museum: artefacts
Sources can be written, pictorial, oral, artefacts or ruins.
Primary sources: directly from the past, first hand information, from the time.
Secondary sources: indirectly, second hand, after the time.
Bias: using only the evidence that supports one side.
Prejudice: judging before any evidence.
Proaganda: using the media to promote one point of view.
Fact v Opinion
Archaeology is the study of buildings and artefacts.
Finding the sites: Aerial photography (crop marks)
Stories (Troy)
Rescue archaeology (roads and buildings)
Excavations: Survey
Diggers (topsoil)
Map
Sieves and brushes
Numbering artefacts
Laboratory
Dating: Stratigraphy
Coins and pottery
Dendrochronology
Radiocarbon dating
2. ANCIENT IRELAND
a) The Mesolithic Period (middle Stone Age 7000BC)
First settlers
Evidence: Mount Sandal in Derry
Houses: circular, wooden frame tied at top, covered with hides grass or bushes.
Food: nomadic hunter-gatherers (wild boar, duck, deer, fish, berries). Cooked on a spit.
Clothes: hides cleaned with stone scrapers and sewn together with bone needles.
Tools and Weapons: flint stone, axes, spears, knives and scrapers.
b) The Neolithic Period (new Stone Age 4000BC)
First farmers arrived by dugout canoe.
Evidence: Lough Gur in Limerick, Ceide Fields in Mayo and the Boyne Valley.
Houses: rectangular, posts, wattle and daub, thatched roof, hearth inside and hole for chimney in roof.
Food: farming and hunting and gathering.
Farm animals were cattle, pigs, sheep and goats.
Mattock and wooden plough in light upland soil to grow wheat and barley.
Grain ground on a saddle-stone.
Food cooked on a spit.
Clothes: same as Mesolithic.
Tools and weapons: flint stone, axes, spears, knives and scrapers. Now they are polished. Pottery is used for storing food in burials.
Burial Customs and Religion.
Megaliths: Usually cremated and ashes put in pots inside the following:
Court Cairns (northern half, A shaped, court for ceremonies, all covered in stones)
Portal Dolmens ( covered in stones)
Passage Tombs (Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth). Cross shaped, 80 meters in diametres, (Newgrange), corbelled roof, carved kerbstones, entrance stone, roof box.
C) The Bronze Age (2000BC)
Copper Mount Gabriel in Cork. Tin Cornwall.
Houses: circular, posts, wattle and daub, thatch, hearth inside and hole in roof. Ditch and fence around houses.
Food: same as Neolithic but fulachta fiadh used as well as spits and copper cauldrons.
Tools and weapons: bronze, sickles, spades, axes, spears, swords.
Arts and crafts: copper and gold jewellery. Lunulae and torcs (twisted gold), fasteners, collars, bracelets and necklaces.
Burial customs and religion: wedge tombs, cist graves, stone circles (may be connected to sun's movements), galláns (standing stones). Buried in crouched position with grave goods (afterlife). Some cremated, ashes in pots.
D ) The Iron Age and the Celts (by 300BC iron had taken over)
Evidence: Romans, Halstatt, La Tene, Christian writings and archaeological evidence.
Houses: ring-forts (raths and cashels), Crannógs.
Hill-forts (Tara) and promontory forts (Dun Aengus). Ceremonial. Chevaux de frise.
Souterrains (escape and cool food)
Family: described below in order of importance.
Rí or Taoiseach ruled a Tuath and were appointed by the Derbfine. Fosterage in use.
The Nobels were made up of the warriors and the Aosdána. Aosdána were Brehons, Filí, Druids and craftsmen.
Farmers
Commoners or Slaves ( captured from other tribes)
Food: Mainly cattle but also sheeps and pigs. Dairy products. Wheat (bread), oats (porridge) and barley (ale). Rotary quern. Spit and fulachta fiadh still used and also stone ovens.
Feasting important. Poems, stories, music, ficheall (chess) baire (hurling).
Clothes: wool spun and woven. Mantle.
Tools and weapons: iron smelting. Bronze and gold still used for ornaments.
Arts and crafts: Lá Tene, Ogham stones.
Burial customs and Religion: Lug, Bridget. Cremated and ashes put in pits or put in cist graves with a mound of stones (cairn) on top.
E ) Early Christian Ireland, (Early 400sAD)
First arrived in the south-east. Some may have been slaves. Palladius sent as bishop.
Patrick best known. Most Celts were Christian by 600. Celtic life continued as before but druids lost power.
Monasteries:
Remote areas (Skellig, Michael, Glendalough). Round towers ( 2 used). Beehive cells (clocháns). Scriptorium (Book of Kells, Cathach) manuscripts on parchment or vellum.
Monks worked in fields. Attacks by other clans, other monasteries and Vikings.
Arts and crafts:
Metalwork. Filigree (Ardagh and Derrynaflan chalices, Tara brooch)
High crosses (Muireadeach's Cross in Monasterboice)
Irish Monks abroad:
'Island of saints and scholars' Columcille in Iona, Columbanus in Bobbio Italy.
3 . ANCIENT ROME
Controlled most of Europe and North Africa.
Evidence: Ruins, coins, Latin documents.
Towns: grip pattern, Forum (marketplace), temples, amphitheatre (gladiators, Coliseum), aqueducts(water), roads (cobbled, Apian way), Circus maximus (chariots), sewerage system, town walls. Baths, public and private every day.
Houses: particians lived in houses, plebeians lived in apartments.
Private house called a domus. Atruim (open courtyard in middle). Peristylium (walled garden). Tiled roofs. Mosaic floors. Villas in country.
Apartments: called insulae. Poor tenants at top, better off in middle, shops on the bottom.
Family: father totally in charge. Strick discipline. Married young ( 12 and 14 )
Clothes: knee-length tunics. Toga for men, stola for women.
Food: bread and porridge for poor. Rich ate a lot of meat, lying down. Vomitorium.
Education: rich only. Secondary school for boys only. Very strict. Stylus on wax tablet.
Leisure and Entertainment: gladiators in amphitheatres (Coliseum) emperor's thumb. Chariot racing in Cirus Maximus. Plays in semi-circular theatres.
Work: slaves did most farming and general labouring. Poor Romans were craftsmen and shopkeepers. Middle class was architects and doctors. Wealthy became generals or senators.
The army: legions of 5000. Highly trained. Javelins, short sword, armour and sheild.
Strict discipline (decimation). Forts along border of empire (Hadrian's wall). Giant catapults and cross-bows (ballista).
Architecture: see Renaissance. Lots of sculpture and Frescoes.
Religion and death: Many gods. Jupiter (father of all gods). Neptune (Sea). Mars (war)
Funeral processions followed by cremation and ashes put in urns and buried.
Christians buried in catacombs.
Reasons for fall of Rome:
1. Power struggles between those wanting to be emperor.
2. High cost of army.
3. Corruption.
4. Barbarian tribes (anyone outside empire)
4 . MEDIEVAL TIMES (middle ages, feudal times, dark ages)
a) General:
Fall of ancient Rome to Renaissance.
A time of was, little interest in education, plague and a reduction in population of Europe.
Feudal system: Kings granted land, called a fief, to vassals in return for soldiers. Kings, barons, knights, bishops and abbots, freemen and serfts.
Knights lived on Manors. They kept some for themselves (demesne) and rented out the rest to peasants.
Norman invasion of Britain: William the Conqueror, Battle of Hasting 1066, Bayeux Tapestry.
Norman invasion of Ireland: Rory O Connor V Dermot McMorrough king of Leinster.
Asked Henery II for help, Strongbow (Richard de Clare) marries Aoife in Waterford (1169). Normans take Dublin from Vikings.
b) Castle:
Motte and Bailey castle: used early on or by poorer knights. Bailey was the courtyard.
Stone castle: strategic location, moat, battlements, drawbridge, portcullis, gatehouse.
The Keep: great hall, solar, spiral staircase, arrow slits, dungeon, garderobes tapestries.
Siege: undermining the wall, giant catapult, battering ram, hot oil, scaling-ladders, Gunpowder meant the end.
The Lord: controlled territory, fought wars, administered justice, attended tournaments and hunted.
The lady: ran the keep, came with a dowry, had an arranged marriage, looked after daughter's education.
Feasts in the great hall, jesters, musicians, Knives and spoons only, lots of meat. Drank wine, ale and mead.
C ) Knights:
Page: 7 to 14. Learned manners and attended to a lady.
Squire: 14 to 21. Trained for fighting (sword, mace, lance, crossbow, longbow). Helped with lord's armour. Learned code of chivalry.
Knighthood: night in church. Dubbed, 'Arise sir.....'
Tournament and Jousts: mock battles. Coat of arms.
d) Manor:
The manor was the village and the land around it.
Knight or lord: lived in manor-house ( sometimes called grange), and bailiff ran manor-farm. The demesne was kept for lord or knight. The life-style of the knight was similar to that of a lord, but was not as well off. The manor house was made of wood and plaster.
Peasants: lived in 2 rooms. Houses made of wattle and daub and thatch. Houses had 2 rooms, one for family an one for animals. Freemen paid money rend and could go when they wanted. Serfs could not (year and a day). All had to work for lord at certain times, all had to use the lords mill. All had to pay tithes.
Open field system: 3 fields. 1 fallow. Strips. Crop rotation. Common land. Animal parts not salted in autumn burned on 'bonefires' at halloween.
Food: porridge for breakfast. Bread and cheese for lunch. Pottage (thick veg soup) peasants rarely had meat. Ale or beer.
e ) Towns and cities
Normans developed Viking towns and also build new ones at: river crossings, ports, route crossings and around castles.
A town charter granted by the king gave the town the right to have a corporation, fairs and markets and courts.
Towns had walls. Houses made of wood (curfew). Open sewers. Chamber pots onto narrow streets woth the shout 'Gardez-loo'. Market cross. Town crier.
Merchants and Craftsmen: merchants well off, lived in stone houses. Craftsmen had workshops on ground floor with a sign outside (few could read).
Guilds: controlled standards and prices, decided who became master craftesmen, looked after sick members and their families.
Apprentice at 14. lived with master. Could be punished, 7 years.
Journeyman. Could work for anyone. Paid by the day. Had to make a masterpiece to become a master.
Markets and fairs: markeys weekly at market cross. Fairs once or twice a year on the fair green (outside the walls). Lasted a week or more. Entertainment (bear and bull baiting, jugglers, musicians, fire-eaters)
crime and punishment: no one on streets after curfew. Stocks or pillory. Hands chopped off. Torture, hanging, beheading.
F ) churches and monasteries
bishops (dioceses), parishes. Church very powerful. Power shown in architecture.
Romanesque: rounded arches, square towers, thick walls and columns.
Gothic: pointed arches, slender columns, thin walls supported by flying buttresses, rose windows and laucet windows.
Medieval monasteries: different orders such as Benedictines and Cistercians.
Rule of St.Benedict. Poverty, Chastity and obedience. Lay brothers.
Main buildings: cloisters, church, almonry, refectory, dormitory, infirmary, chapter house and scriptorium.
Main Monks: Abbot, novice master, infirmarian, almoner, hospitallar (guests). Monasteries were very important in the community.
Monks day: up very early. Down to church to pray. Breakfast in refectory. Meeting in chapter house to get jobs for day, punish and read a chapter from the rules of st.Benedict. More prayers. Work. Prayer. Dinner. Prayer. Work. Prayer. Supper. Prayer. Bed at Eight.
Begging monks or friars: dominicans and franciscans lived among people. Did not agree with the wealthy monasteries.
Plaugue or Black Death: killed on quarter or one third of population. Flea on black rat. Towns hit hardest.
5 . THE RENAISSANCE
The renaissance is the rebirth of learning. The learning of ancient Greece and Rome was rediscovered and new discoveries made.
Humanism is showing great interest in human nature rather than religion. Writing in the vernacular became popular.
Artist were craftsmen like other tradesmen.
Why Italy?
Wealthy cities provided patrons of the arts.
Fall of constantinople.
Competition between city-states.
Ruins of Ancient Rome.
Differences between Medieval and Renaissance art:
religion a theme but other themes important too.
Movement and emotions became important.
Realism.
Perspective.
Sfumato.
Oils and canvas became popular but egg tempera and frescoes still used.
Architecture moved from Gothic to Romanesqe.
Important people of the Renaissance:
a) Patrons of the arts:
Lorenzo de Medici: family ruled Florence. 'The Magnificent' collected ancient Greek and Roman manuscripts. Michelangelo was a pupil at the Platonic Acadamy. Spent a fortune on art.
The popes Leo X (Lorenzo's son) and Julius II (Sistine chapel)
b) Johannes Gutenberg.
He was a goldsmith from Mainz in Germany. Invented the movable metal type printing press. His bible is very valuble.
Invention of printing press important because:
1 . Books more plentiful and cheaper.
2 . Literacy and education spread.
3 . Spread ideas of Renaissance and Reformation.
c) Leonardo da Vinci.
Renaissance man (wide range)
apprencticed to Verrochio. He was the first to use sfumato. Painted the Last Supper (falling apart) and the Mona Lisa (louvre). Dissected more than 30 bodies. Used mirror writing.
Designed planes, parachutes, cannon and tanks. Died in France.
d) Michelangelo.
Attended platonic acadamy. Loved sculpture. White marble. The Pieta. David was the biggest statue of the time and showed master of anatomy. Julius II ordered him to paint the ceiling of the sistene chapel. It took 4 years.
He designed the dome of st.peters. He was a poet also.
e) Durer
From Nuremberg. Trained as an engraver. Famous for self-portraits and pictures of plants (large clod) and animals (young hare). His engravings could be printed. Very scientific approach.
f) Galileo
The father of modern science.
Invented the pendulum clock and a powerful telescope. Discovered that all solid objects fall at the same speed. He proved Copernicus was right when he said the Eartch moved around the sun, but had to say he was wrong in front of the Inquisition.
g) Shakespeare
Stratford on Avon. Married Anne Hathaway. Moved to London without the family. Worked in the Globe Theatre (open air, no women actors). Wrote 35 plays (hamelet, romeo and juliet) and many sonnets. His plays are comedies, tragedies and histories.
2nd Year
1. THE AGE OF EXPLORATION (1400 to 1750)
before the age of exploration people believed: earth was flat, monsters, Europe at centre, boiling in south, and the world was smaller.
Why people wanted new sea routes:
Wealth for country
Wealth for explorer
To avoid Arab controlled trade routes
Religion
Inspired by spirit of Renaissance and The Travels of Marco Polo
Prester John
What made voyages possible:
Portuguese caravels (clinker built, square and lateen sails, rudders)
New navigational instruments such as:
Astrolabe (north star), Quadrant (sun), cross-staff (horizon) all found latitudes.
Compass for direction.
Log and line for speed.
Lead and line for depth.
Portolan charts and newer maps.
Life on board ships.
Difficult and dangerous. Strict discipline. Food dry and salted. Scurvy. Jobs to do. A hammock after America was discovered.
Important Explorers
a) Prince Henry the Navigator. 3rd son, Sagres (mapmaking, shipbuilding and astronomy), west coast of Africa, padroas (stone pillars), slaves helped fund voyages.
b) Bartholomew Diaz. Portuguese. Storm. Cape of Good Hope (King John). Padroa.
c) Vasco da Gama. Portuguese. India by sea. Reach Calicut. 2-year voyage. Portuguese got control of this valuable sea route. Set up trading post.
d) Christopher Columbus (special study).
Born Genoa. Believed world was round. Wanted to said west to China and Japan.
Underestimated the distance by 3. failed to get support in England and Portugal.
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain in goof form having driven out Muslims. 'In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue'. Kind and Queen promised to make him governor of new lands and the title of Admiral of the Ocean.
3 ships. Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria and 90 men. He kept 2 logs. San Salvador in the Bahamas. Built a fort out of the wrecked Santa Maria and left 40 men behind. Brought back gold, pineappeles, parrots and 6 'indians'.
3 more voyages. Those left behind were killed. Explored other islands like Cuba. Brought over settlers. Such great cruelty against natives that columbus was brought back in chains.
Died disappointed. Never admitted he had not reached his goal. Amerigo Vespucci proved that Columbus had discovered America. The discoveries of Columbus led to a dispute with the Portuguese. The Treaty of Tordesillas gave Brazil to Portugal and Spain got the rest of South America.
e) Ferdinand Magellan.
Portuguese. Charles V of Spain supported him. He would be made governor of all new lands discovered and 5% of the profits. 5 ships (Trinity, Conception, San Antonio, Santiago and Victoria)
Aim of the voyage was to avoid the Portuguese trade route by sailing west.
'El Paso' or the 'Straits of Magellan'. Pacific ocean. Scurvy. Magellan killed on the Philippine Islands. Del Cano and 17 otheres out of 260 came home after 3 years.
f) Hernando Cortés.
Conquistador. Aim was gold and silver. 500 men. Got help from other tribes to attack the Aztecs (taxes, slavery and human sacrifices). Horses were new. Tenochtitlan (mexico city). Montezuma killed by his own. Spaniards escape and return with 100,000 men. Slaughter and victory.
g) Francisco Pizzaro.
Conquistador. Gold and silver. 170 men. Captured Atahualpa. Room full of gold. Took Cuzco, the capital city. Pizzaro killed by his own.
Results of the Age of Exploration.
Geographical knowledge
Cultures destroyed.
Many died of European diseases.
Many enslaved, tortured and murdered.
Countries other than Italy became rich and powerful.
2. THE REFORMATION
Reasons for the Reformation
1. Wealth of the Church. Owned 1/3 of German land. Tithes.
2. Renaissance encouraged questioning.
3. Printing press spread ideas.
4. Kings wanted less interference.
5. Abuses (nepotism, simony, absenteeism, pluralism, sale of indulgences etc.)
Story of Martin Luther (special study)
A German. Studied to be a lawyer but became an Augustinian monk. Professir of Theology at Wittenberg. He studied the Bible and concluded 'salvation by faith alone'.
John Tetzel selling indulgences. ½ the proceeds to St.Peters and ½ to Archbishop of Mainz, to repay loans for simony (buying dioceses). 95 theses on church door.
Public debate with John Eck (Luther questioned papal infallibility).
Emperor Charles V guaarenteed safe passage to the Diet of Worms. Luther declared an outlaw. Frederick the Wise of Saxony put him in Wartburg Castle for a year for his own safety. Luther spent the time translating the Bible into German.
Lutheran princes protested ( protestant)that they should control religion in their own states.
War resulted which ended in the Peace of Augsburg, which decided that 'the religion of the prince is the religion of the people.'
Luther's beliefs:
The Bible and not the hierarchy is the source of religious knowledge.
Salvation by faith alone.
2 sacraments only, Baptism and Eucharist.
Married clergy.
Church services in the vernacular.
John Calvin.
Influenced by Luther. Had to leave France. Geneva 'the city of God'.
Calvin's beliefs: outlined in The Institutes of the Christion Religion were similer to luthers with the exception of predestination ( the elect went to heaven), but a much more strict approach.
Pastors or ministers preached. Teachers taught. Deacons looked after the sick and elderly.
Elders watched the behaviour of the people.
John Knox brought Calvinism to Scotland (Presbyterian Church). In France Calvinists were called Huguenots. In England they were called Puritans.
Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon. 1 daughter, no sons. Emperor Charles V (Catherine's nephew) would not let the Pope annul the marriage.
Cranmer became archbishop of Canterbury and granted a divorce. Henry married Anne Boleyn and was excommunicated.
Act of Supremacy made the king head of the Church. Thomas More beheaded.
Henry closed the monasteries because: it made him very rich, some were corrupt and they were loyal to the pope.
The Counter-Reformation
The Council of Trent.
A meeting of the hierarchy in Italy to discuss Catholic beliefs and discipline.
It concluded that the teachings were OK but the abuses were banned.
It increased the divisions with Protestants and lead to wars of religion.
The Jesuits.
Ignatuis of Loyola wrote Spiritual Exercises to train priests.
The new order was highly trained and organised along military lines (governor general)
They concentrated on teaching the sons of nobles and wealthy people.
They were missionaries.
The Court of Inquisition.
Its aim was to end heresy in Spain and Italy.
It used: San Benito (itchy garment), torture and burning at the stake (Auto da Fé)
Results of the Reformation.
Europe divided. North mainly Protestant.
Wars of Religion. The Thirty Years War.
Persecution.
Education. Protestant wanted everyone to read the bible.
3. THE PLANTATIONS IN IRELAND
Ireland in 1500.
King was Lord of Ireland and had little control. The country was divided into 3 areas:
1. The Pale (English speaking common law, cattle raids.)
2. The Anglo-Irish lordships (Norman descendants, common law, some Irish customs)
3. The Gaelic Irish lordships (Brehon law, clan owned tuath, little had changed since Celts)
Henry VIII and Ireland.
Henry wanted greated control in Ireland because:
1. To reduce the power of the Fitzgerald's of Kildare.
2. To prevent the French or Spanish from using Catholic Ireland as a base.
3. To introduce the changes in religion in Ireland.
Garret Óg put in jail. Silken Thomas rebelled. Skeffington and gupowder led to 'the pardon of Maynooth'. Very expensive, so Henry tried a new approach.
Surrender and Regrant: Gaelic and Anglo-Irish lords gave their land to the king, and got it back, with a title, if they promised to speak English, obey English law and Practice English customs. This led to disputes over succession and now land could be confiscated from a Chieftain.
Plantations were now possible. Loyal planters would get the land of rebellious Irish.
The Plantation of Laois and Offaly
O Moores and O Connors raided Pale. Lord Deputy defeated them and confiscated lands.
Queen's County (Laois) with a county town called Maryborough (Portlaoise)
King's County (Offaly) with a county town called Philipstown (Daingean).
Plantation failed because not enough planters came and the Irish kept attacking the settlers.
The Plantation of Munster.
Causes of the Desmond Rebellions:
Queen Elizabeth wanted to increase control. Presidents of Munster appointed (English law and Protestant religion).
Adventurers encouraged to claim land.
James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald got help from the Pope after his first rebellion failed. All 600 Spanish and Italian soldiers killed. Munster laid waste. Land confiscated.
The Plantation:
Undertakers got 4,6,8 and 12 thousand acre lots. Expected to be able to defend against the Spanish in 7 years.
Results:
Not nearly enough settlers came. The irish attacked.
Ownership changed. New towns (Bandon and Lismore). Timber for barrels and ships. New farming methods. Trade prospered.
The Plantation of Ulster (special study)
Background and Causes:
Elizabeth wanted english law and Protestant religion in Ulster. O Neill and O Donnell rebelled. Some victories (Battle of Yellow Ford) and final defeat in Kinsale 1601.
Treaty of Mellifont.
Flight of the Earls 1607.
James 1 confiscated land.
The Plantation:
James wanted loyal settlers, an income and a way to pay soldiers.
6 counties (Armagh, Derry, Donegal, Cavan, Fermanagh, Tyrone)
Estated of 1000, 1500 and 2000 given to 3 groups:
Undertakers (no Irish tenants, £5.33 per 1000 acres)
Servitors (some Irish, £8)
Loyal Irish (£10.66)
Bawns and Castle had to be built.
12 guilds in london formed the Irish Society to plant Derry.
Antrim and Down planted by Chichester, Hamilton and Montgomery.
Results:
Many Scottish Presbyterians did come.
Woodkern attacked settlers.
Legacy of hatred.
New towns
Trade prospered.
The Cromwellian Settlement.
Background and Causes:
1641 rebellion. Ulster settlers massacred.
Civil War in England.
Ireland was regarded, as Royalist and Cromwell needed to pay his Roundheads and adventurers who had financed the Civil War. Religion was important to Cromwell.
The Plantation:
1652 Act of Settlement, 'To hell of to Connaught'
Many sent to the West Indies. Soldiers allowed to enlist in armies not at war with England.
Sir William Petty and the Down Survey. 11 million acres.
Results:
Biggest change in land ownership.
Did not crush Catholic religion.
Outlaw bands called Torues attacked the settlers.
Power and wealth in Protestant hands.
4. THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS
Two of the three sections are covered: the American War of Independence and the 1798 Rebellion.
Background to the Age of Revolutions:
Absolute monarchy. The divine right of king. The privileges of the nobility.
The Enlightenment. John Locke (people had the right to get rid of bad monarchs)
4A THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
Causes
Britain wanted to tax the colonists for the 7 Years War with the French and Indians.
'No Taxation without Representation' and the Sons of Liberty (attacked collectors).
The Navigation Acts (American exports had to go to Britain and on British ships.)
The Boston Massacre (5 demonstators shot by British soldiers)
The Boston Tea Party
British killed 8 in Lexington on their way to get arms in Concorde. But Paul Revere had warned the Americans and they ambushed and shot 273.
The Continental Congress made Washington commander-in-chief and passed the Declaration of Independence.
The Armies
Britain's advantages: full time, navy, four times as many soldiers.
Britains problems: far from home, did not know the countryside.
Americas advantage: fighting for home, knew countryside, good shots, guerrilla tactics, help from France.
Americas disadvantages: 'minute men', discipline poor.
The War
Went badly at first for America.
Victories at Trenton and Princeton.
Gates defeated the British at Saratoga.
The winter at Valley Forge (many died but Von Steuben trained the army).
At Yorktown Cornwallis, trapped between the French at sea and Washingtons forces on land, surrendered.
Results:
Washington became president
USA founded
State government and Federal government.
Influenced other countries.
4B THE UNITED IRISHMEN AND THE 1798 REBELLION
Background and causes
Irish Parliament controlled by Protestant Ascendancy ( C of I only 15% and most of the land)
Penal laws left Catholics poor and uneducated.
Tithes still had to be paid.
The influence of the American and French revolutions.
The Society of United Irishmen
Wolfe Tone (Dublin, Anglican Trinity barrister admired French Rev)
1791 Tone and Belfast Presbyterians formed the UI
Aim: Catholic and Protestant together would end British interference in Ireland.
1793 war with France. British Gov afraid of Ireland. The UI was banned. Now a rebellion and a republic was the only way.
Tone escaped to America and then to France to get help.
1796 General Hoche and Bantry Bay storms.
The Rising
General Lakes repression in Ulster and Leinster.
House burning flogging, pitch capping and half hanging.
Spies and informers led to the arrest of the leaders, including Lord Edward Fitzgerald.
The Rising in Dublin and the surrounding counties was easily put down.
Wexford: Actions of Yeomen (part-time) and Militia (full-time) provoked rising.
Father Murphy won at Oulart Hill, Enniscorthy and freed Bagenal Harvey in Wexford.
Important defeat at New Ross.
Atrocity at Scullabogue.
Final defeat at Vinegar Hill.
Ulster: Henry Joy McCracken defeated in Antrim and Henry Munro defeated in Down.
The End: Tone arrived in Lough Swilly. Sentenced to hang and committed suicide.
Results
30000 dead
Bitterness against British
Bitterness between Catholics and Protestant.
Further Rebellions
The Act of Union.
5. THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
Background
Needed because of the increase in the population and the growth of towns.
Problems with the Open Field System:
Fallow land
No point in making improvements
Lazy neightbours
Diseases spread
Selective breeding impossible
New developments
Enclosure acts had to be passed and commissioners divided the land.
Commonage gone (poor to the towns)
Viscount Townshend developed Norfolk system (wheat, turnips, barley, clover and grass)
Cattle could be fed in winter.
Robert Bakewell (selective breeding)
Artur Young's 'The annals of agriculture'.
New Machines
Jethro Tull's Seed Drill
Cyrus Mc.Cormick's Reaper
Andrew Meikle's Threshing Machine
Results:
Labourers had to move to the towns
Towns could be fed
6. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Definition: A complete change from a rural to an urban way of life.
Why it began in Britain:
Large cheap labour force due to Enclosure and Jenner's vaccination for smallpox.
Plentiful supply of coal and iron ore.
Inventors
Large Empire (cheap raw materials and a ready market)
Wealthy landlords and merchants willing to invest in factories.
Transport Revolution
Needed because transport was slow, expensive, loads were small and bad roads led to many breakdowns.
Roads: Telford, McAdam and Metcalf inproved road design.
Turnpike trusts built toll roads.
Canals: James Brindley built the Worsley to Manchester canal for the Duke of Bridgewater. Canal building mania.
Ships: Steel Hulls and steam power replaced wood and sail.
Railways: First railways were stationary steam engines in mines.
Richard Trevithick in fairs Catch Me Who Can.
First goods railway was Stockton to Darlington designed by George Stephenson.
First passenger like was Liverpool to Manchester. George and Robert Stephenson designed the Rocket.
Railway building mania.
The Textile Industry
First to be industrialised Spinning wheels and hand looms in domestic industry.
John Kays Flying Shuttle.
James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny
Richard Arkwrights Water Frame
Samuel Cromptons Mule
Edmund Cartwrights Power Loom
These machines had to be put in factories and powered at first by water wheels and them by steam.
Thomas Newcomens steam engine could pump water out of mines.
James Watts could turn wheels.
Iron and Steel
Abraham Darby used coke to replace charcoal to make pig iron.
Henry Corts Puddling and Rolling Process made wrought iron.
Henry Bessemers Converter made steel.
Working in Factories
14-hour day, noisym warm, dusty, and fines for breaking strict rules. Children often beaten.
1 euro a week for men, 44c for women and 23c for children. Entire families had to work. Unguarded machines. No compensation for injury.
Working in Mines.
Trappers (very young). Children carrying heavy loads on all fours on wet ground.
Lung Disease. Rock falls. Gas explosions.
Newcomens steam engine helped stop flooding.
Watts steam engine dragged coal to the surface.
Davys safety lamp helped stop explosions.
Living in the cities.
Fast unplanned growth. Houses built by factory owners around the smoky factory.
Houses badly built. Damp and small, they had no running water or sewerage system.
Cholera from dirty water, typhus from bugs and TB from damp conditions. The rich moved to the suburbs.
Improvements in Health/Medicine.
James Simpson used chloroform in operations.
Joseph Lister improved hygiene in hospitals.
Edward Jenner vaccinated against smallpox.
Edwin Chadwicks report led to cleaner streets, piped water and sewerage systems.
7. THE FAMINE
Background.
Most landlords protestant. Many absentee. Gale day (landlords agent). Large farmers (30 acres +). Sublet to small farmers and cottiers. Spailpeens were wandering labourers.
Country divided into Poor Law Unions and each had a workhouse. Only the really badly off would go there (families split up, like prison).
Causes:
Rise in population
Subdivision.
Dependence on the potato.
The Blight.
What was done:
1845 Peels government brought maize (indian corn) and set up Public Works Schemes.
1846 Russels liberal government did not want to interfere and abandoned the above.
Soup kitchens were set up by the Quakers and the government but the government abandoned the idea in 1847.
The workhouses catered for 200000 and eventually were allowed provide soup kitchens.
Results:
1 million died of disease and starvation
1 million emigrated by 1851 (coffin ships)
Push and pull causes left 4 million by 1900
Decline of Irish language.
Subdivisions ended.
New catholic landlords.
Hatred for Britain.0 -
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Fair play. Did you type all of them out yourself?0
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Desire to Aspire wrote: »Fair play. Did you type all of them out yourself?
yeahh
over the course of the last few weeks, in the process of writing the 3rd year course, ill put them up when im done0 -
yeahh
over the course of the last few weeks, in the process of writing the 3rd year course, ill put them up when im done
Wrong answer.0 -
actually, correct answer, i got them from there, but my computer doesnt run microsoft word, so i couldnt copy and paste or anything i could only read them, so i typed them in open office, im pretty sure if you went through them youd be able to find some spelling mistakes and stuff lol0
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Desire to Aspire wrote: »
Hey, cut the guy girl a break, the stuff's crazily useful. I'd have killed for those notes last year :P0 -
Hey, cut the guy a break, the stuff's crazily useful. I'd have killed for those notes last year :P
cut the *girl* a break ahahah XD
and yeah, i know not everyone knows about these, and they are amazing cos they summarise everything, so i thought id save people the hassle of going to the website and downloading them so i put them up here lol
and i was never specificaly asked if i wrote them from my own notes,
i did type them myself lol XD XD0 -
If anybody needs any help with French you can ask me anytime! I don't have any notes as such, but I'm in 5th year HL French and I haven't gotten anything less than an A2 in a test since TY.0
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Coeurdepirate wrote: »If anybody needs any help with French you can ask me anytime! I don't have any notes as such, but I'm in 5th year HL French and I haven't gotten anything less than an A2 in a test since TY.
Thanks
Just wondering about the aural, it brings all my xmas, summer etc results down because usually id get a high b in the written part but a low c in the aural....any tips appreciated0 -
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My English teacher gave us this page of some quotes from Merchant of Venice. to revise the other day. They're not all there, but a lot of key ones are. Was going to scan them, but typing them out counts as studying them right?
Merchant of Venice - Quotes.
Act 1.
"In sooth I know not why I am so sad,
It wearies me, you say it wearies you." - Antonio on his sadness.
"I hold the world but as the world, Gratiano
A stage, where every man must play his part
And mine a sad one." - Antonio about his life.
"My purse, my person, my extremest means
Lie all unlock'd to your occasions." -Antonio, explaining to Bassanio how he owes him everything he has.
"In Belmount is a lady richly left,
And she is fair, and fairer than that word,
Of wondrous virtues" - Bassanio describing Portia to Antonio.
"I may neither choose who I would, nor refuse who I dislike..." -Portia talking about marriage.
"I hate him for he is a Christian,
But more, for that in low simplicity
He lends out money gratis" - Shylock on the reasons he hates Antonio.
"You call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog
And spit upon my Jewish gaberdine" - Shylock talking about Antonio.
"I am as like to call thee so again,
To spit on thee again, to spurn thee too" - Antonio's response to Shylock.
"...an equal pound
Of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken
In what part of your body pleaseth me." Shylock about the details of the bond.
Act 2.
"Alack, what heinous sin it is in me
To be ashamed to be my father's daughter?" - Jessica confessing her dislike for Shylock, her father.
"I have never heard a passion so confused
So strange, outrageous and so variable,
As the dog Jew did utter in the streets" - Salerio on Shylocks behavior, after having found out that Jessica had eloped with Lorenzo.
Act 3.
"I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, passions?"
and "If you prick us, do we not bleed?" - Shylock about his rights.
"I am very glad of it, - I'll plague him, I'll torture him, - I am glad of it." - Shylock when he hears that Antonio's ships were destroyed.
"...it was my turquoise, I had it of Leah when I was a bachelor: I would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys." -Shylock to Tubal, about the ring that Jessica gave away.
"So may the outward shows be least themselves, -
The world is still deceived with ornament" - Bassanio, right before he chooses the casket.
"... the full sum of me
Is sum of something: with to term in gross,
Is an unlesson'd girl, unschool'd, unpracticed." - Portia about herself.
"Thou call'dst me dog before thou hadst a cause.
But since I am a dog, beware of my fangs" - Shylock threatening Antonio, while Antonio is locked up.
"I'll have my bond, I will not hear thee speak
I'll have my bond, and therefore speak no more" - Shylock protests for his bond.
Act 4.
"... I do oppose
My patience to his fury, and am arm'd
To suffer with a quietness of spirit,
To very tyranny and rage of his." - Antonio, when he seems to be powerless.
"...a lodg'd hate, and a certain loathing,
I bear Antonio" Shylock, when asked again why he hates Antonio.
"The quality of mercy is not strain'd,
It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven
Upon the place beneath" - Portia when she is disguised as Balthazar.
"You must prepare your bosom for his knife." -Portia.
"I have a wife who I protest I love, -
I would she were in heaven, so she could
Entreat some power to change this currish Jew." - Bassanio explains that he'd rather Portia be dead than Antonio.
"If the Jew do cut but deep enough
I'll pay it instantly with all my heart" - Antonio, joking about death to Bassanio.
Act 5.
"Let not that doctor e'er come near my house-
Since he hath got the jewel that I loved,
... I'll not deny him anything I have." - Portia threatening to be unfaithful.0 -
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