Advertisement
If you have a new account but are having problems posting or verifying your account, please email us on hello@boards.ie for help. Thanks :)
Hello all! Please ensure that you are posting a new thread or question in the appropriate forum. The Feedback forum is overwhelmed with questions that are having to be moved elsewhere. If you need help to verify your account contact hello@boards.ie

Sweden avoiding lockdown

Options
1229230232234235338

Comments

  • Registered Users Posts: 4,487 ✭✭✭Seweryn


    Top analysis as always.
    Thank you. It is hard to argue with real life numbers. There may be a small blip somewhere this year, but overall the death rates are just as average as in 2015 (or actually slightly lower), 2016 or 2017. Last year was particularly good (low in deaths), so that brings the previous 5 year average down a bit.
    After all, quite an average year.


  • Registered Users Posts: 3,447 ✭✭✭Ginger n Lemon


    Seweryn wrote: »
    Thank you. It is hard to argue with real life numbers. There may be a small blip somewhere this year, but overall the death rates are just as average as in 2015 (or actually slightly lower), 2016 or 2017. Last year was particularly good (low in deaths), so that brings the previous 5 year average down a bit.
    After all, quite an average year.

    Bizarrely.

    As millions of people will have you believe theres a deadly rampant virus on the lose. and only reason Sweden didnt see the 90k+ predicted covid deaths by June, predicted by mister Lockdown himself, is because they are different creatures to humans in every other country. They live alone. they dont drink. yada yada yada :pac:


  • Registered Users Posts: 13,692 ✭✭✭✭josip


    A story on the BBC (Expressen) which illustrates how people in Sweden have been practicing social distancing long before the outbreak of Covid 19.

    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55146377

    While this story is obviously extreme, it is indicative of the Swedish mindset where independence is highly valued/required and being overly interested in your neighbour's affairs would be frowned upon.


  • Registered Users Posts: 4,467 ✭✭✭tobefrank321


    The question at the end of the day is what is the best strategy.

    A number of hard lockdown countries particularly in eastern Europe are currently in serious trouble and posting off the scale daily deaths.

    Bulgaria, a country of only 7 million people, registered 221 deaths yesterday. Hungary, Switzerland and Czechia, all with a population of around 10 million or less, are regularly posting 150 a day deaths.

    Its hard to put a finger on it, but something went badly wrong in those countries. It would appear they quickly become overwhelmed from a second wave. It would have been better if rather than crushing the curve in the spring they maintained a steady state in terms of cases, so that their health system didnt get overwhelmed all at once.


  • Registered Users Posts: 14,895 ✭✭✭✭charlie14


    They didn't outperform Sweden's GDP by 40%. They outperformed their growth by 40% which is a different thing entirely.

    You've used this bogus statistic before.

    If Country A grows by 1% and country B grows by 2%, would you say country B outperformed country A by 100%? Of course not, you'd say it outperformed country A by 1%.

    The grasping at straws is getting desperate now.


    Doing a lot of grasping at straws yourself if that is the best you can come up with attempting to show Sweden`s strategy has not been a failure on every level that some here were claiming how successful it was destined to be, and a strategy every country should be following.

    Despite all the predictions here that Sweden would outperform Ireland`s GDP for Q2, Sweden`s GDP contracted by 8.6%, Ireland`s by 6.1%.
    Do the maths whichever way you wish, the end result is the same.


  • Advertisement
  • Registered Users Posts: 2,147 ✭✭✭TonyMaloney


    The question at the end of the day is what is the best strategy.

    A number of hard lockdown countries particularly in eastern Europe are currently in serious trouble and posting off the scale daily deaths.

    Bulgaria, a country of only 7 million people, registered 221 deaths yesterday. Hungary, Switzerland and Czechia, all with a population of around 10 million or less, are regularly posting 150 a day deaths.

    Its hard to put a finger on it, but something went badly wrong in those countries. It would appear they quickly become overwhelmed from a second wave. It would have been better if rather than crushing the curve in the spring they maintained a steady state in terms of cases, so that their health system didnt get overwhelmed all at once.

    They're all governed by awful right-wing populists, except for the Swiss who are in a sort of weird coalition with awful right-wing populists. Poland too.

    Tegnell and his sidekick Giesecke went on their obscene victory tour of Europe in the summer, criticising and even directly advising some governments such as ours. Do you recall Giesecke openly advocating for the herd-immunity strategy in Ireland? It's immoral now according to Tegnell. Wasn't back then. Nor in the letters they shared with each other.

    Well I have an inkling that their messaging and policy, which clearly resonates more with right-wingers than left, had a significant impact on some of these countries. It put pressure on the governments to adopt laxer strategies. We saw just this happen in the UK via the right wing press and politicians, but thankfully Johnson eventually saw sense and locked down.


  • Registered Users Posts: 1,642 ✭✭✭ArthurDayne


    charlie14 wrote: »
    To be even fairer Arthur I pointed out from the outset that in a globalised world expecting one country to gain a GDP benefit during a pandemic was inane. Especially with that country`s own Central Bank and it`s independent economic think-tank projections based on the first wave and a second wave which Sweden now has.
    My point was being rubbished back then by at least one of those who have thanked your post.
    Memories are getting shorter and more selective around here of late it appears.


    I have also posted that lockdowns are not just about ensuring health services are not over-run. They also save lives. Reduce the level of infections and you reduce the number of deaths.




    As to my original question. What exactly has Sweden`s strategy achieved?


    There was no lockdown because they had no faith in a vaccine being developed. They are now using lockdown, and we have not just one but a number of vaccines, where ironically due to a side deal it now means Sweden will be one of the first countries to begin vaccinations.

    They have gained no GDP advantage. Their consumer spending was no better when others were in lockdown and their unemployment figures were no better either


    Chasing herd immunity was not just a failure, but as they have now admitted immoral. The supposed immunity they were going to gain from not locking down during the first wave, on their present numbers if it even exists is negligible, and their deaths are 4 times that of their Nordic neighbours combined.

    I’m sorry but you are completely redrawing the parameters of what lockdown was aimed at preventing. If lockdown was simply about saving lives outright, we would still be in lockdown now. There was a reopening in the summer and a reopening now, despite the inevitable consequence of these reopenings being an eventual resurgence of the virus and more deaths. If the lockdown strategy was aimed simply at keeping deaths to a minimum then we would maintaining lockdown until such times as there is a vaccine. It is an exercise of self-delusion to pretend that lockdown was not motivated primarily by the spectre of an over-run health service for a sustained period of time, and the anticipation that many, many more thousands would die (on the scales being predicted in the early months of the year) if lockdown was not implemented.

    So when you ask what Sweden has achieved, you are asking a question which is shaped deliberately narrowly in a way which is convenient to the point you are trying to make. You are concealing a statement as a rhetorical question — because what you’re basically attempting to say in your question is: “Sweden had a lot more deaths and its economy didn’t perform well and it’s neighbours had less deaths so basically the Swedish strategy was wrong”.

    In doing so, you are steering the conversation away (whether intentionally or unintentionally) from the proper question, which is not about what countries achieved but about whether lockdown was a proportionate response to the risk. The deaths of over 6,000 people mostly of life expectancy age is sad, but is it a catastrophe of such magnitude that it would have been proportionate for Sweden to impose far reaching restrictions on civil liberties and people’s ability to make a living for the guts of a year? It doesn’t appear so to me.


  • Registered Users Posts: 19,867 ✭✭✭✭cnocbui


    Return On Level 5 Measures 'Disappointing' Says Immunology Expert
    ...
    30/11/2020 | 06:11 AM

    Digital Desk Staff

    The Covid-19 vaccine taskforce is due to meet later today, as the country enters the final day of Level 5 restrictions.

    However, immunology expert Professor Paul Moynagh has said more targeted restrictions are needed to prevent subsequent waves of the virus until a vaccine has been widely administered, adding Level 5 restrictions were disproportionate.

    Prof Moynagh said he was concerned that if the number of cases continued to increase with the easing of Level 5 restrictions, there would be a return to lockdown, which he described as a “flawed” method of controlling the virus.
    https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/covid-19-vaccine-taskforce-to-meet-today-1043997.html

    No kidding.

    Lower mortality overall than in previous years, rising economic activity. No wonder people are critical of Sweden, they make the critics own responses look flawed and misguided so they try to portray their success as a fake-news failure and hope people won't notice the deception.


  • Registered Users Posts: 2,147 ✭✭✭TonyMaloney


    I’m sorry but you are completely redrawing the parameters of what lockdown was aimed at preventing. If lockdown was simply about saving lives outright, we would still be in lockdown now. There was a reopening in the summer and a reopening now, despite the inevitable consequence of these reopenings being an eventual resurgence of the virus and more deaths. If the lockdown strategy was aimed simply at keeping deaths to a minimum then we would maintaining lockdown until such times as there is a vaccine. It is an exercise of self-delusion to pretend that lockdown was not motivated primarily by the spectre of an over-run health service for a sustained period of time, and the anticipation that many, many more thousands would die (on the scales being predicted in the early months of the year) if lockdown was not implemented.

    So when you ask what Sweden has achieved, you are asking a question which is shaped deliberately narrowly in a way which is convenient to the point you are trying to make. You are concealing a statement as a rhetorical question — because what you’re basically attempting to say in your question is: “Sweden had a lot more deaths and its economy didn’t perform well and it’s neighbours had less deaths so basically the Swedish strategy was wrong”.

    In doing so, you are steering the conversation away (whether intentionally or unintentionally) from the proper question, which is not about what countries achieved but about whether lockdown was a proportionate response to the risk. The deaths of over 6,000 people mostly of life expectancy age is sad, but is it a catastrophe of such magnitude that it would have been proportionate for Sweden to impose far reaching restrictions on civil liberties and people’s ability to make a living for the guts of a year? It doesn’t appear so to me.

    Lockdown wasn't about saving lives?

    Our lockdown slogan was "Stay home. Stay safe. Protect each other".
    In the UK it was famously "Stay home. Protect the NHS. Save Lives."
    And frankly protecting the health system is pretty much about saving lives too.
    Lockdown was almost entirely about saving lives.

    As for your fallacy about whether Sweden's strategy was proportionate to over 6,000 deaths (so far), well that's complete nonsense.
    The question was and is was the herd-immunity approach appropriate for a highly infectious disease that they knew next to nothing about? They had no idea of the final death toll when making these decisions, and frankly still don't.

    You also completely ignore that many thousands have long lasting effects from covid. Many young, formerly healthy people.

    This whole debate is insane


  • Registered Users Posts: 1,450 ✭✭✭actuallylike


    163 dead today, probably will be revised upwards over the next few hours. Second highest death count since all this began. Will probably break 7k deaths by the end of the day, 6988 is the total. That's a massive jump for a Wednesday.


  • Advertisement
  • Registered Users Posts: 1,642 ✭✭✭ArthurDayne


    Lockdown wasn't about saving lives?

    Our lockdown slogan was "Stay home. Stay safe. Protect each other".
    In the UK it was famously "Stay home. Protect the NHS. Save Lives."
    And frankly protecting the health system is pretty much about saving lives too.
    Lockdown was almost entirely about saving lives.

    As for your fallacy about whether Sweden's strategy was proportionate to over 6,000 deaths (so far), well that's complete nonsense.
    The question was and is was the herd-immunity approach appropriate for a highly infectious disease that they knew next to nothing about? They had no idea of the final death toll when making these decisions, and frankly still don't.

    You also completely ignore that many thousands have long lasting effects from covid. Many young, formerly healthy people.

    This whole debate is insane

    I think you are missing the point, or rather oversimplifying it. The lockdown strategy wasn’t just about saving lives outright, it was about saving lives on enormous scales due to what was considered the potential of the virus to kill many, many thousands and debilitate the health service. Lockdown was an extreme action designed to combat what was deemed an extreme risk. It was not the mere loss of life which was the issue, but the scale of the loss of life.

    And this point is easily demonstrable. We are currently reopening the country for Christmas in the knowledge that it is likely that this action will probably lead to further infections and further deaths than would be the case if we did not reopen. So the lockdown strategy is demonstrably not just about saving lives — it’s a measure which is touted as being commensurate to the risk of all-out mass death and debilitation of the health service. A certain level of death is being seen as a price worth paying to reopen for December.

    As to your point about Sweden having “no idea of the death toll”. Can you tell me what the death toll from the economic problems caused by lockdown will be over many years to come? What will be the effect of there being less money in the developed world to aid the developing and third world? What will be the effect of the exacerbation of poverty both in this country and and across the entire world? Will the economic turmoil lead to extremism and conflict in various parts of the world, as history as so often shown us that it does?

    Lockdowns were imposed without any knowledge of what their effect will be in the years ahead, and you have no more insight to that than I do. So please, do not wave your soothsaying morality at me, as if you have even the slightest idea more than anyone else who will suffer hardest from what has been done this year, and whose lives will be ended or shortened.


  • Registered Users Posts: 2,338 ✭✭✭Bit cynical


    163 dead today,
    Could you provide a source for that please?


  • Registered Users Posts: 675 ✭✭✭greyday


    Could you provide a source for that please?

    https://www.coronatracker.com/country/sweden/


    Its grand we have been told umpteen times by the Boards experts, I thought they would do well to keep it under 200 daily deaths over next couple of months, How wrong could I have been?

    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-01/sweden-s-top-epidemiologist-says-herd-immunity-remains-a-mystery

    The celebrity has a neck like a jockeys ................................

    “It’s obvious that it does slow down transmission, but it’s been difficult to understand how large that effect is and how it should be weighed against other factors that speed up transmission,” Tegnell said. That “balance may have been different than I and many others believed.”



    Not that many others Anders other than the Boards experts who will back you to oblivion.


  • Registered Users Posts: 4,467 ✭✭✭tobefrank321


    greyday wrote: »
    https://www.coronatracker.com/country/sweden/


    Its grand we have been told umpteen times by the Boards experts, I thought they would do well to keep it under 200 daily deaths over next couple of months, How wrong could I have been?

    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-01/sweden-s-top-epidemiologist-says-herd-immunity-remains-a-mystery

    The celebrity has a neck like a jockeys ................................

    “It’s obvious that it does slow down transmission, but it’s been difficult to understand how large that effect is and how it should be weighed against other factors that speed up transmission,” Tegnell said. That “balance may have been different than I and many others believed.”



    Not that many others Anders other than the Boards experts who will back you to oblivion.

    We've been told by a couple boards experts that Sweden has been effectively in lockdown for about a month now.

    Can't have it both ways. Saying on the one hand they are in lockdown, lockdown works and then saying deaths are out of control.

    If Sweden has been in lockdown for several weeks, then lockdown doesn't work.

    Its likely todays high numbers are from the weekend. Lets see where deaths per million are when this is all over. Its likely Sweden will still be mid twenties or close to 30th in the world.


  • Registered Users Posts: 2,338 ✭✭✭Bit cynical


    greyday wrote: »
    Are you sure that is correct? It says +23 new deaths on that page not 163.
    534933.png


  • Registered Users Posts: 1,450 ✭✭✭actuallylike


    Afaik, this updates the fastest

    https://c19.se/en

    This scrapes the results from above and makes the charts more readable

    http://lacey.se/c19/


  • Registered Users Posts: 1,450 ✭✭✭actuallylike


    Are you sure that is correct? It says +23 new deaths on that page not 163.
    534933.png
    Looks like it also says 0 new cases. When it comes to sweden, a lot of reporting sites aw all over the place.


  • Registered Users Posts: 4,467 ✭✭✭tobefrank321


    I think you are missing the point, or rather oversimplifying it. The lockdown strategy wasn’t just about saving lives outright, it was about saving lives on enormous scales due to what was considered the potential of the virus to kill many, many thousands and debilitate the health service. Lockdown was an extreme action designed to combat what was deemed an extreme risk. It was not the mere loss of life which was the issue, but the scale of the loss of life.

    And this point is easily demonstrable. We are currently reopening the country for Christmas in the knowledge that it is likely that this action will probably lead to further infections and further deaths than would be the case if we did not reopen. So the lockdown strategy is demonstrably not just about saving lives — it’s a measure which is touted as being commensurate to the risk of all-out mass death and debilitation of the health service. A certain level of death is being seen as a price worth paying to reopen for December.

    As to your point about Sweden having “no idea of the death toll”. Can you tell me what the death toll from the economic problems caused by lockdown will be over many years to come? What will be the effect of there being less money in the developed world to aid the developing and third world? What will be the effect of the exacerbation of poverty both in this country and and across the entire world? Will the economic turmoil lead to extremism and conflict in various parts of the world, as history as so often shown us that it does?

    Lockdowns were imposed without any knowledge of what their effect will be in the years ahead, and you have no more insight to that than I do. So please, do not wave your soothsaying morality at me, as if you have even the slightest idea more than anyone else who will suffer hardest from what has been done this year, and whose lives will be ended or shortened.

    Agreed. Lockdowns were meant to avoid waves. They were meant to flatten the curve so health systems didn't experience huge waves all at once but that didnt really work out for most countries who are currently undergoing another huge wave of hospitalisations. Lockdowns can be really successful in the short term but may be counter productive in the long term in that when you come out of them you are going to have another huge wave within months and a health system once again unprepared. Added to that lockdown fatigue and people giving up and doing their own thing. And tourist dependent countries opening up to the outside world. And they aren't sustainable long term, only for a few months at a time.

    Better to have milder but sustainable long term restrictions that doesn't lead to troughs followed by massive waves.


  • Registered Users Posts: 4,467 ✭✭✭tobefrank321


    Looks like it also says 0 new cases. When it comes to sweden, a lot of reporting sites aw all over the place.

    From the local.se, cases yesterday were 260,758 and today 266,158 so an increase of 5,400.


  • Registered Users Posts: 675 ✭✭✭greyday


    We've been told by a couple boards experts that Sweden has been effectively in lockdown for about a month now.

    Can't have it both ways. Saying on the one hand they are in lockdown, lockdown works and then saying deaths are out of control.

    If Sweden has been in lockdown for several weeks, then lockdown doesn't work.

    Its likely todays high numbers are from the weekend. Lets see where deaths per million are when this is all over. Its likely Sweden will still be mid twenties or close to 30th in the world.
    Locked down too late as you well know being the resident expert, and their lockdown is pretty much a mammy said don't do that to a teenager considering they never got across the gravity of the situation to the general public.
    First person I am putting on Ignore on here Frank, clap yourself on the back.


  • Advertisement
  • Registered Users Posts: 2,147 ✭✭✭TonyMaloney


    I think you are missing the point, or rather oversimplifying it. The lockdown strategy wasn’t just about saving lives outright, it was about saving lives on enormous scales due to what was considered the potential of the virus to kill many, many thousands and debilitate the health service. Lockdown was an extreme action designed to combat what was deemed an extreme risk. It was not the mere loss of life which was the issue, but the scale of the loss of life.

    And this point is easily demonstrable. We are currently reopening the country for Christmas in the knowledge that it is likely that this action will probably lead to further infections and further deaths than would be the case if we did not reopen. So the lockdown strategy is demonstrably not just about saving lives — it’s a measure which is touted as being commensurate to the risk of all-out mass death and debilitation of the health service. A certain level of death is being seen as a price worth paying to reopen for December.

    As to your point about Sweden having “no idea of the death toll”. Can you tell me what the death toll from the economic problems caused by lockdown will be over many years to come? What will be the effect of there being less money in the developed world to aid the developing and third world? What will be the effect of the exacerbation of poverty both in this country and and across the entire world? Will the economic turmoil lead to extremism and conflict in various parts of the world, as history as so often shown us that it does?

    Lockdowns were imposed without any knowledge of what their effect will be in the years ahead, and you have no more insight to that than I do. So please, do not wave your soothsaying morality at me, as if you have even the slightest idea more than anyone else who will suffer hardest from what has been done this year, and whose lives will be ended or shortened.

    So the only metrics you'll accept are obscure ones that are next to impossible to measure and only in the distant future. I see.
    Deaths, hospitalisation, ICU, GDP, unemployment - all of these things are completely irrelevant to you as a point of comparison?

    I'm not waving my "soothsaying morality" at you or anyone. I'm saying your position is fundamentally illogical and given the unenviable situation Sweden now find themselves in, it is just bat **** crazy to continue with it.

    I'll meet you back here in 10 years time I we can discuss the long term consequences. I'm pretty confident you'll be dead wrong about those too.


  • Registered Users Posts: 675 ✭✭✭greyday


    @actuallylike

    https://www.coronatracker.com/country/sweden/
    Go to Daily Incidence Chart and on RHS of chart you hover the cursor over Dec 2nd to find 174 deaths and 5400 infections, I am a bit cynical that bit cynical found what he wanted to find while ignoring the massive jump in deaths he didnt expect.


  • Registered Users Posts: 4,467 ✭✭✭tobefrank321


    greyday wrote: »
    Locked down too late as you well know being the resident expert, and their lockdown is pretty much a mammy said don't do that to a teenager considering they never got across the gravity of the situation to the general public.
    First person I am putting on Ignore on here Frank, clap yourself on the back.

    Thank goodness for that! I can't say I'll miss our conversations.


  • Registered Users Posts: 2,338 ✭✭✭Bit cynical


    greyday wrote: »
    @actuallylike

    https://www.coronatracker.com/country/sweden/
    Go to Daily Incidence Chart and on RHS of chart you hover the cursor over Dec 2nd to find 174 deaths and 5400 infections, I am a bit cynical that bit cynical found what he wanted to find while ignoring the massive jump in deaths he didnt expect.
    Thank you. It was a large jump but in fairness the top of that page you posted, where you would expect to see the change in deaths, said +23.


  • Registered Users Posts: 5,496 ✭✭✭bb1234567


    I'm so confused about Sweden's daily reports. What is actual average daily deaths now? Like excluding backlogs etc. Are they just reporting some days? It's all over the place


  • Registered Users Posts: 1,450 ✭✭✭actuallylike


    bb1234567 wrote: »
    I'm so confused about Sweden's daily reports. What is actual average daily deaths now? Like excluding backlogs etc. Are they just reporting some days? It's all over the place
    It's a mess if you're looking for an immediate trend, but not necessarily a bad way of reporting things. They do their main reports on Tuesday to Friday at around 2pm, so Tuesday sometimes seems massive but it's taking the last 3 days together. This article explains it quite well, apart why you shouldn't get your hopes up if the numbers are down the last 7-10 days

    https://ourworldindata.org/covid-sweden-death-reporting


  • Registered Users Posts: 2,147 ✭✭✭TonyMaloney


    bb1234567 wrote: »
    I'm so confused about Sweden's daily reports. What is actual average daily deaths now? Like excluding backlogs etc. Are they just reporting some days? It's all over the place

    Sweden reports on death based on the date the death occurred rather than on the day they were notified to them.
    Over time it would produce a much more accurate graph of what actually happened, but in terms of giving an indication of how things are transpiring right now it is worse than useless.

    Basically if you ever look at a chart of Swedish deaths it will always show a decline in the last 10 days. This is never true, and particularly right now.

    The real death rate in Sweden is significantly higher than they are reporting.


  • Registered Users Posts: 1,450 ✭✭✭actuallylike


    If Sweden has been in lockdown for several weeks, then lockdown doesn't work.

    In a thread stacked with armchair experts, point scoring, bitterness, stupidity, etc. this has to take the cake as the worst comment. Sorry mate, he's right, you deserve a mute after that.


  • Registered Users Posts: 4,467 ✭✭✭tobefrank321


    In a thread stacked with armchair experts, point scoring, bitterness, stupidity, etc. this has to take the cake as the worst comment. Sorry mate, he's right, you deserve a mute after that.

    You don't actually have to focus on Sweden.

    Take a look at about 30 other countries that enacted strict lockdowns, then opened up, mostly to benefit from the summer tourist season, and then went into lockdown again. These countries opened up far more than Sweden have been. Czechia - national parties. Poland massive rallies involving hundreds of thousands against government abortion policies. Portugal F1 GP, Nothern Ireland who are doing far worse than us - crowds at football matches. Even ourselves - we're opening up a day after 18 deaths and close to 300 cases on average. And the reason we are opening up is lockdowns are not sustainable.


  • Advertisement
  • Registered Users Posts: 19,867 ✭✭✭✭cnocbui


    greyday wrote: »
    @actuallylike

    https://www.coronatracker.com/country/sweden/
    Go to Daily Incidence Chart and on RHS of chart you hover the cursor over Dec 2nd to find 174 deaths and 5400 infections, I am a bit cynical that bit cynical found what he wanted to find while ignoring the massive jump in deaths he didnt expect.

    The WHO covid-19 statistics for Sweden are in disagreement with that page.

    24 deaths attributed to 2-12-20
    3 deaths attributed to 1-12-20

    For Ireland, 16 deaths are attributed to 2-12-20, so we with our lockdown are doing worse than Sweden without locdown, proportionate to population.


Advertisement