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Healthy baby aborted at 15 weeks

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  • Registered Users Posts: 9,338 ✭✭✭nozzferrahhtoo


    Muzzymor wrote: »
    Clearly the fundamental ethical disagreement here is about whether you believe that just because a "foetus" doesn't have sentience right now it's ok to kill it

    You have certainly correctly identified the core difference in our positions. But you use that as an excuse to not discuss it further. Which is a shame. I can defend my position in that regard. I am wondering can you. But now we will never know.

    But here is a thought experiment that the last Anti Choice speaker I tried it on literally ran away from. If I developed a fully functioning General Artificial Intelligence but it had a 5 hour "turn on" time before it attained sentience. Then I turned it on and 3 hours into the 5 I unplugged it, I deleted the program, and I used the parts to make a toaster..... morally and ethically what have I actually done wrong?

    Put another way..... upon what would you base the idea or claim that something not sentient has a right to become sentient.
    Muzzymor wrote: »
    I believe aborted foetus's would be just as alive as I am now if people didn't kill them. You can call that projecting

    Nope THAT I would not call projecting at all. Your projecting was something else entirely. What you describe here I 100% agree with in fact. I 100% agree with you in thinking that if we did not kill it, it would be just as alive as us later on most likely.

    No disagreement there. The disagreement lies in the fact that you have not established any argument as to why that mutually accepted fact places a shred of moral or ethical onus on our shoulders. Other than you personally believe it to be so.


  • Registered Users Posts: 1,510 ✭✭✭kaymin


    Oh God what is the relevance of the heart? That organ is about as vital as its bladder or its arse, tbqh.

    What's with this near-mystical obsession with the foetal heartbeat?

    Edit: this question applies as much to pro-choicers as to anti-choicers. The heart is not the seat of the soul, regardless of what was said in Primary School Religion class.

    I was replying to another poster who accused me of lying. But now that you said it, an absence of a heartbeat dictates when someone is dead so the corollary is that a heartbeat indicates when someone is alive.


  • Registered Users Posts: 1,510 ✭✭✭kaymin


    amcalester wrote: »
    You said 4 weeks, then changed to ~ 1 month and now it’s 5 weeks.

    Kinda seems like you’re changing your story to suit a narrative.

    I never mentioned 4 weeks.


  • Registered Users Posts: 9,338 ✭✭✭nozzferrahhtoo


    kaymin wrote: »
    For every reason you give, a counter argument can be given.

    If you say so. But I note you are saying you CAN do so but not ACTUALLY doing so. That is no small difference. And I wonder if maybe the claims of being able to do it, in lieu of actually doing it, suggest the claim you CAN might not be true.
    kaymin wrote: »
    The 'evidence' as you put it is not objective and really is someone's opinion of when a fetus becomes human.

    Until we discuss what we each think the evidence actually is, which we have not discussed yet, how can you pre-declare what form it will take?
    kaymin wrote: »
    an absence of a heartbeat dictates when someone is dead

    You might want to check into just how accurate that claim is. It might not be as true as you think. However once again it must be pointed out that merely being "alive" is not something anyone is questioning here that I know of. That the fetus is "alive" is hardly in doubt. But so what? The last steak you ate was "alive" before it was heading to be a steak. Which proves my point that when it comes to morality and ethics it is more than something merely being "alive" that is relevant here.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 4,121 ✭✭✭amcalester


    kaymin wrote: »
    I never mentioned 4 weeks.

    Actually, you didn’t. Not sure how I made that mistake. Apologies.


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  • Registered Users Posts: 12,327 ✭✭✭✭Goldengirl


    amcalester wrote: »
    You said 4 weeks, then changed to ~ 1 month and now it’s 5 weeks.

    Kinda seems like you’re changing your story to suit a narrative.

    Yes and by the way , Kaymin , you would have to have the ultrasound paddle in your uterus to pick up a heartbeat at that stage!
    Maybe you did ?
    If anyone knows better correct me ,but I had to have a intra vaginal ultrasound to pick up a heartbeat at 8 weeks.


  • Registered Users Posts: 1,510 ✭✭✭kaymin


    If you say so. But I note you are saying you CAN do so but not ACTUALLY doing so. That is no small difference. And I wonder if maybe the claims of being able to do it, in lieu of actually doing it, suggest the claim you CAN might not be true.



    Until we discuss what we each think the evidence actually is, which we have not discussed yet, how can you pre-declare what form it will take?

    Okay, you've stated you base your view of when a fetus is human on evidence. Please provide such evidence and the timing of when this change occurs. As mentioned I believe there is no evidence, there are opinions though.


  • Registered Users Posts: 1,510 ✭✭✭kaymin


    Goldengirl wrote: »
    Yes and by the way , Kaymin , you would have to have the ultrasound paddle in your uterus to pick up a heartbeat at that stage!
    Maybe you did ?
    If anyone knows better correct me ,but I had to have a intra vaginal ultrasound to pick up a heartbeat at 8 weeks.

    I'm male but surely the point is that a heartbeat can be detected at 5 weeks or ~ 1 month.


  • Registered Users Posts: 531 ✭✭✭Candamir


    This to me is key. If 2 doctors signed off they have a case to answer as they are potentially a danger to others and probably shouldn't be practising. If 2 doctors didn't sign off then whoever carried out the abortion broke the law if the abortion happened in Ireland.

    And running a single test no matter how allegedly accurate always carries risks. At minimum 2 tests should be required.

    To be Frank, everything you’ve said there is incorrect.

    kaymin wrote: »
    I was replying to another poster who accused me of lying. But now that you said it, an absence of a heartbeat dictates when someone is dead so the corollary is that a heartbeat indicates when someone is alive.

    No it doesn’t.

    I’ve seen plenty of people without a heart beat who were very much alive, and plenty with a heartbeat who were very much dead.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 12,653 ✭✭✭✭Plumbthedepths


    Was it signed off by 2 doctors as per the law? If so then these doctors may have a case to answer.


    Wrong they don't.


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  • Registered Users Posts: 4,469 ✭✭✭political analyst


    Strawman argument? Not at all I responded to a comment. As I said pro lifers seem more concerned with the unborn as opposed to the pregnant girl/woman.


    What makes you think pro-lifers don't care about both? What evidence is there that pregnancy causes harm to a 14-year-old girl? Abortion punishes the girl's unborn child for the rape of the girl.


  • Registered Users Posts: 1,510 ✭✭✭kaymin


    Candamir wrote: »
    To be Frank, everything you’ve said there is incorrect.




    No it doesn’t.

    I’ve seen plenty of people without a heart beat who were very much alive, and plenty with a heartbeat who were very much dead.

    Okay, you might need to elaborate. I'm not familiar with people walking around without a heartbeat


  • Registered Users Posts: 8,029 ✭✭✭SusieBlue


    What makes you think pro-lifers don't care about both? What evidence is there that pregnancy causes harm to a 14-year-old girl? Abortion punishes the girl's unborn child for the rape of the girl.

    Evidence? She’s a 14 year old CHILD who was violated in one of the most abhorrent ways known to man, she is still in school she isn’t even an adult, and you’re saying it wouldn’t cause any harm for her to carry and give birth to her rapists baby?

    It’s not for you or I to say it wouldn’t cause harm, when we don’t know what mental and physical anguish it would cause, and we won’t be the ones who have to live with the consequences.

    If she doesn’t feel like it’s something she can do it we should respect that.


  • Registered Users Posts: 13,071 ✭✭✭✭Igotadose


    What evidence is there that pregnancy causes harm to a 14-year-old girl?

    Pregnancy and birth can, and do cause plenty of harm. Lifelong incontinence, blood pressure issues, depression, and on and on. Pregnancy and childbirth are very risky (something pro-birth fail to mention, like, ever.)


  • Registered Users Posts: 9,338 ✭✭✭nozzferrahhtoo


    kaymin wrote: »
    Okay, you've stated you base your view of when a fetus is human on evidence. Please provide such evidence and the timing of when this change occurs. As mentioned I believe there is no evidence, there are opinions though.

    Well an error I first have to fix in what you asked.... is that my position on abortion is NOT at all based on "the timing when the change occurs". We in fact do not know that 100%.

    No my position on abortion is based on periods we know it has not occurred. Which is different and important.

    Well as I said a few times, the differing meanings of "human" are important here. I will use human with a small h to mean biologically human. I will use Human with a capital H to mean a Sentient Person.

    I believe, like you I think, that the fetus is human since conception.

    I do not believe a fetus at 12-16 weeks is Human however. Because.... and this is the evidence bit..... we know generally a list of pre-requisites for sentience and the fetus at that age simply has none of them.

    Some reading material randomly picked:

    https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnfarrell/2018/04/19/tracing-consciousness-in-the-brains-of-infants/
    https://prochoiceplus.wordpress.com/2014/04/07/lets-talk-about-sentience/
    https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/14767059209161911
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1472648310622109

    And if you are interested similar for farm animals:

    https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e372/be1b7005c6d0b0782037e5a5bdb0511bc853.pdf

    But basically the summary is simple. We have developed an ongoing understanding of what is required for sentience. And the things on that list are simply missing in a fetus at 12-16 weeks development.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 13,993 ✭✭✭✭recedite


    If I developed a fully functioning General Artificial Intelligence but it had a 5 hour "turn on" time before it attained sentience. Then I turned it on and 3 hours into the 5 I unplugged it, I deleted the program, and I used the parts to make a toaster..... morally and ethically what have I actually done wrong?

    Put another way..... upon what would you base the idea or claim that something not sentient has a right to become sentient.
    That's an easy one. Your AI is not human, it is only a machine. The foetus is human. We don't owe the same duty of care to machines as we do to fellow humans.
    Self driving cars. It could easily happen that somebody gets severely brain damaged in a car crash, but the emergency services don't focus their attention on trying to save the car's on board computer instead of the human, on the basis that the car's AI is now smarter than the human.


  • Registered Users Posts: 36 Muzzymor


    You have certainly correctly identified the core difference in our positions. But you use that as an excuse to not discuss it further. Which is a shame. I can defend my position in that regard. I am wondering can you. But now we will never know.

    But here is a thought experiment that the last Anti Choice speaker I tried it on literally ran away from. If I developed a fully functioning General Artificial Intelligence but it had a 5 hour "turn on" time before it attained sentience. Then I turned it on and 3 hours into the 5 I unplugged it, I deleted the program, and I used the parts to make a toaster..... morally and ethically what have I actually done wrong?

    Put another way..... upon what would you base the idea or claim that something not sentient has a right to become sentient.



    Nope THAT I would not call projecting at all. Your projecting was something else entirely. What you describe here I 100% agree with in fact. I 100% agree with you in thinking that if we did not kill it, it would be just as alive as us later on most likely.

    No disagreement there. The disagreement lies in the fact that you have not established any argument as to why that mutually accepted fact places a shred of moral or ethical onus on our shoulders. Other than you personally believe it to be so.

    If you can't figure out my view from what I already posted then further discussion won't really help. But I'll lay out my position and leave it at that. I am 100% not asking you to agree with me.

    Sentience is something that's argued as a justification for abortion by the pro abortion people as one of the loopholes of when it is actually ok to end a human life, if you look above you'll see a post where I stated I don't agree with its use in these arguments.

    My view is that a human life that is already developing is a human life, with all the potential etc that entails. To end that life is in my view therefore wrong, regardless of current sentience or lack thereof.
    As I said, we can surely agree that in the vast majority of cases were a feotus not aborted, it would develop sentience or whatever other thing you use to differentiate between foetus life and human life that has a value in a matter of weeks. That foetus would naturally become a human who I assume in most cases would be quite pleased not to have been killed.

    I understand your standpoint and I also understand mine. In mine I simply have to accept that due to how I see the world, I am not ok with abortion at any stage when a human life is already in motion. Any other stance would be hypocritical of me and also result in perpetually arguing semantics with people like youself, as fun as that is :)

    If you kill a 20 year old you rob them of experiences they would have had had you not killed them. You don't say, well you died at 20 so you never had those experiences/ they weren't yours and you had no right to them because the future doesn't exist and all you are is what you were at the moment you were killed age 20. It would be reasonable to assume that had said person not been killed they would have had experiences at 30, 40, 50 etc and not just been in the perpetual state of being 20.

    Likewise if you end a human life before it reaches sentience, it was still a human life, it would have been sentient and had experiences/hopes and dreams/loved and been loved etc if you hadn't killed it and a human life has been robbed of its potential as much as a 1, 10, 80 year old who gets killed was.

    If doctors remove a child's reproductive organs before they reach puberty, it's not a moral argument to turn around and say "you hadn't actually reached sexual maturity at the point we removed them so you haven't actually lost anything". Likewise removing the possibility for sentience from a human life that hasn't reached sentience but will in a few weeks doesn't hold up because it conveniently ignores the fact that the only reason sentience won't happen is because you interferred.


  • Registered Users Posts: 9,338 ✭✭✭nozzferrahhtoo


    recedite wrote: »
    That's an easy one. Your AI is not human, it is only a machine. The foetus is human. We don't owe the same duty of care to machines as we do to fellow humans.

    Don't we? Why not? What is it about "human" that confers the onus in question? Why do we need only have concern for a sentience if it is instantiated on a meat platform rather than silicon?

    If we met another sentience tomorrow be it AI or an alien species from another world.... why is either of them not being "human" relevant here?

    Or if we developed the technology to move your brain from your body into a machine tomorrow, and we kept the body alive though without your consciousness in it.... which should our moral and ethical concern lie with? Your meat body or the consciousness in the silicon? And why?
    recedite wrote: »
    Self driving cars.

    Are not sentient. So you are using an example that contrives not to address thee actual question asked here. I specifically said "a fully functioning General Artificial Intelligence" that "attained sentience". Nothing at all to do with self driving cars, and you know it.


  • Registered Users Posts: 12,378 ✭✭✭✭Sardonicat


    Igotadose wrote: »
    What evidence is there that pregnancy causes harm to a 14-year-old girl?

    Pregnancy and birth can, and do cause plenty of harm. Lifelong incontinence, blood pressure issues, depression, and on and on. Pregnancy and childbirth are very risky (something pro-birth fail to mention, like, ever.)
    Not to mention that many ( if not most )14 yo girls are not physically developed fully to carry a pregnancy to term without incurring some form of long term physical harm. And that's without even considering the lifelong psychological injury it would undountedly inflict.

    Really, what's the point of arguing with someone who doesn't believe a child being forced to carry to term and deliver against her will would come to no harm from the experience. Once again it just proves that born children don't matter a sh1t to this lot


  • Registered Users Posts: 531 ✭✭✭Candamir


    kaymin wrote: »
    Okay, you might need to elaborate. I'm not familiar with people walking around without a heartbeat

    You’ve a rather narrow view point there. Of course they weren’t walking around. But very much alive (patients on cardiac bypass have no heartbeat for example. Much easier target for the surgeons)

    The point of the point was to point out the inaccuracy of your point. Presence or absence of a heart beat does not dictate if someone is alive or not.


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  • Registered Users Posts: 9,338 ✭✭✭nozzferrahhtoo


    Muzzymor wrote: »
    If you can't figure out my view from what I already posted then further discussion won't really help.

    But I never indicated I can not figure out your view. Your view is in fact plain as day. It is the basis for your views, and the arguments supporting them, that remain thus far opaque however.
    Muzzymor wrote: »
    Sentience is something that's argued as a justification for abortion

    Already you are wrong. Which is funny because I explained this already in a post not 2 pages back. Sentience is NOT used to justify abortion. It is used to point out that there is no requirement for justification in the first place! If you can not get that much right, I can see why you are unwilling to converse.
    Muzzymor wrote: »
    by the pro abortion people

    I have yet to meet a single "pro abortion" person in my life. If you are aware of any, send them my way please.
    Muzzymor wrote: »
    My view is that a human life that is already developing is a human life, with all the potential etc that entails. To end that life is in my view therefore wrong, regardless of current sentience or lack thereof.

    I share that view, but I know what it means too. In terms of TAXONOMY it is certainly a human life. But that is about all.

    However your "therefore" is a non-sequitur to what comes before. You are using "therefore" as a placeholder for an explanation you have not actually offered here.
    Muzzymor wrote: »
    That foetus would naturally become a human

    The fact you acknowledge it will BECOME a Human means you also 100% agree with me it is NOT a Human now. You can not have your cake and eat it there. You are either X or becoming X. You can not be becoming if you already are. Careful with your language, you are shooting yourself in the foot with it.
    Muzzymor wrote: »
    If you kill a 20 year old you rob them of experiences they would have had had you not killed them.

    You would, but I do not see that as relevant. The only relevance here is you have ended the life of a sentient agents with rights to whom we should have moral and ethical concern by virtue of it BEING a sentient agent. That it might or might not have had experiences later on, is relevant solely because you decree it to be so by fiat. I am not seeing any actual arguments supporting that decree yet.
    Muzzymor wrote: »
    I'm not interested in thought experiments about hypothetical AI

    Yeah as I said the other guy ran away from it too. I expected you to also. You did not disappoint.

    The same thought experiment is doable with you yourself however. If our technology reaches a point where I could instantiate your consciousness on silicon, and I then offered your loved ones a choice to either take your prone body home, or the terminal containing YOU.... I think we both know which they will pick AND why.


  • Registered Users Posts: 531 ✭✭✭Candamir


    kaymin wrote: »
    I'm male but surely the point is that a heartbeat can be detected at 5 weeks or ~ 1 month.

    1 month - 5 weeks gestational age maybe at a push. But pregnancy is dated from LMP - so add two weeks at least to make your statement accurate.


  • Registered Users Posts: 7,034 ✭✭✭volchitsa


    Muzzymor wrote: »
    Likewise if you end a human life before it reaches sentience, it was still a human life, it would have been sentient and had experiences/hopes and dreams/loved and been loved etc if you hadn't killed it and a human life has been robbed of its potential as much as a 1, 10, 80 year old who gets killed was.

    The argument about what it "would have been" had it not died before it reached sentience can apply just as easily to use of a condom : the couple have ensured that both sperm and egg will die instead of developing into its full potential of whoever that person would have been had they not used the condom.

    Which is why what "might have been if only" is not a solid argument for a ban on abortion.
    I'm not interested in thought experiments about hypothetical AI, merely in discussing human life and the morality of ending one that isn't your own.
    You're approaching pregnancy as though the pregnant woman were not completely involved, and therefore her consent required, for a particular human life to get to sentience.

    She is not "ending a life that isn't her own", because to some extent it actually is part of her until it reaches viability. She is merely taking control of her own bodily functions. Withdrawing consent to share her organs. If that means that the embryo or fetus can't survive without access to her organs, well that really isn't anyone else's business but hers.


  • Registered Users Posts: 7,034 ✭✭✭volchitsa


    Candamir wrote: »
    1 month - 5 weeks gestational age maybe at a push. But pregnancy is dated from LMP - so add two weeks at least to make your statement accurate.

    When I was pregnant at 6 weeks there was no visible heartbeat. A week later there was. That's the norm I believe, and definitely not later than usual anyway.

    (I knew I was pregnant, BTW, from urine tests, but the question was whether it was in the uterus and developing properly. It was, but at 6 weeks it was a little too early to confirm either point.)


  • Registered Users Posts: 1,510 ✭✭✭kaymin


    Candamir wrote: »
    You’ve a rather narrow view point there. Of course they weren’t walking around. But very much alive (patients on cardiac bypass have no heartbeat for example. Much easier target for the surgeons)

    The point of the point was to point out the inaccuracy of your point. Presence or absence of a heart beat does not dictate if someone is alive or not.

    In fairness your argument is very weak.


  • Registered Users Posts: 36 Muzzymor


    volchitsa wrote: »
    The argument about what it "would have been" had it not died before it reached sentience can apply just as easily to use of a condom : the couple have ensured that both sperm and egg will die instead of developing into its full potential of whoever that person would have been had they not used the condom.

    A sperm and egg that never come into contact are not a developing human.
    A foetus in the womb is.

    As to the second part of your post. An unborn child is inside a woman and connected to her/reliant upon her body but surely we can agree it's also a seperate being whether or not she ends up "Withdrawing consent to share her organs." Anyway, amusing phrase :D


  • Registered Users Posts: 190 ✭✭petalgumdrops


    A CVS should not be taken as definitive. The sample collected from a CVS is a mixture of fetal and maternal dna.
    Geneticists will always advise an Aminocenthesis on foot of a poor CVS result. This is soley fetal dna and higher accuracy. The problem is that you need to wait until 15+ weeks to take this test. Termination has no limits when it is a ffa and so there was no rush to complete the termination.
    Yes campaigners refused to listen to concerns over misdiagnosis for fear of compromising repeal. Assurances given that this would never happen, terminations would be almost impossible after 12 weeks, strict guidelines, three doctors, counselling!!! Any parent with a misdiagnosis was silenced, told they had a choice. That this could happen was flagged many times by many families, the comback always being that those with concerns were "misogynistic, religious zealots, lacking in compassion, scaremongers, forced birthers"

    I know the geneticist in NMH as he advised me over my CVS which yielded almost a carbon copy of the results this family received. His immediate recommendation was that I must do an amnio as there was the chance the issue was mosiac and to rule out the possibility of sample contamination.

    Rushed debates, rushed legislation, rushed introduction of services dressed up as compassion and healthcare without full consideration or acknowledgement that mistakes could happen.
    The right to life was cited during the campaign as being non important and that women were the greates protectors of a childs right to life. What do this family do now? Can't see them suing for wrongful death of a child that has no constitutional rights or protections regardless of the procedures that were followed.
    seamus wrote: »
    That's needlessly prescriptive. The margin for error varies between tests.

    For example, the odds of two false positives with HIV is astronomically unlikely. "So why not do a third, just to be sure"; because realistically that doesn't give you anything. You're more likely to get a false negative on the 3rd test than 3 false positives in a row.

    Same for these tests. The margin for error differs between tests, so the requirements for making an accurate diagnosis aren't as simple as saying, "All tests must be done thrice!". In some cases you won't have enough samples. In others you will delay or confuse the outcome unnecessarily.


  • Registered Users Posts: 9,338 ✭✭✭nozzferrahhtoo


    Muzzymor wrote: »
    A sperm and egg that never come into contact are not a developing human. A foetus in the womb is.

    That is dodging the point the user made though. The point being that "It would have been sentient but for our actions" is just as applicable to the use of contraception. The world is replete with absent souls that WOULD be alive and sentient and experiencing things today BUT for our use of contraception.

    So it would appear the moment your concern comes online, in terms of potentials, is actually quite arbitrary. It certainly is not grounded by anything you have put forward so far.

    This is the absurdity of projecting moral and ethical concern on perceived potentials, rather than actual instances.

    However since you have declared (though I do not believe it, I expect a reply quite soon in fact, due to something I have tongue in cheek in the past dubbed "Nozzferrahhtoos first law of forum posting" which states "The probability of a user replying to you goes UP in proportion to the number of indications they have offered that they wont") you have no intention of continuing our previous conversation I have a different question.

    What do you think morality and ethics and rights actually are? More specifically what are they FOR? What are they actually doing for us? What is their purpose?


  • Registered Users Posts: 531 ✭✭✭Candamir


    kaymin wrote: »
    In fairness your argument is very weak.

    What argument?

    kaymin wrote: »
    I was replying to another poster who accused me of lying. But now that you said it, an absence of a heartbeat dictates when someone is dead so the corollary is that a heartbeat indicates when someone is alive.

    Whatever you think it is, at least it’s not blindingly inaccurate like your above statement.

    The presence, or absence of a heartbeat does not dictate whether someone is alive or dead.


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  • Registered Users Posts: 7,034 ✭✭✭volchitsa


    Muzzymor wrote: »
    A sperm and egg that never come into contact are not a developing human.
    A foetus in the womb is.

    Thing is, "a fetus in the womb" is a graduation from a single cell right up to 30 seconds before birth, where clearly there is no real difference between it and the newborn it will become in just a few seconds.

    So can we pin that statement down a little please? At what point do you think the difference is so clear as to make ending its life wrong?

    Killing sperm is fine in your opinion, I assume, but killing a nine month fetus would not be.

    IMO the single cell that results from sperm and egg "coming into contact" is very similar to the sperm and egg before they came into contact. Certainly much closer to those than to the full term fetus in the process of being born, would you agree?

    So where would you draw the dividing line, if not at sentience or at least viability?

    As to the second part of your post. An unborn child is inside a woman and connected to her/reliant upon her body but surely we can agree it's also a seperate being whether or not she ends up "Withdrawing consent to share her organs." Anyway, amusing phrase :D
    And IMO it's funny that you find it amusing to think that a woman's going consent may be required for a pregnancy.

    Although I only find it funny since the referendum showed just what a minority that view of women as forced breeders has become. I found it terrifying before.


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