2020 officially saw a record number of $1 billion weather and climate disasters.
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Many of the questions are answered by taking into account what happens next week at the December Solstice as a major milestone in the annual cycle.
As the North polar latitude turns into the dark hemisphere of the Earth and reaches its maximum distance to the light hemisphere of the Earth, towns existing close to the Arctic circle are experiencing the absence of the Sun like Kiruna in Sweden-
https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/sweden/kiruna?month=12&year=2022
The motion of the North pole relative to the orbital plane is parallel as a function of the orbital motion of the Earth, after all, daily rotation is absent at both polar latitudes. The historical reasons for axial precession can be set aside as an explanation for the precession of the equinoxes for that explanation relied on the Ptolemaic framework which the Sun moved through the constellations rather than the contemporary framework where the stars change position relative to the stationary/central Sun as a consequence of the Earth orbital motion, again, parallel to the orbital plane-
https://sol24.net/data/html/SOHO/C3/96H/VIDEO/
It is a magical time like the ebbing of a tide where the circumference begins to shrink after the December Solstice until it disappears altogether at the March Equinox when the circumference where the Sun remains constantly in view begins to expand at the North pole while its counterpart at the South pole becomes the centre for an expanding circle of darkness.
It is not possible to consider planetary climate as distinct from geographical climate without first considering the cause of the seasons before moving on to the rate of change across latitudes (planetary climate) as our planet runs a circuit of the Sun. In some ways it is far more difficult in this era to inspect the components of weather and climate than it was in the era of Copernicus 500 years ago due to the emergence of celestial sphere reasoning of the late 17th century.
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"As to "explaining" that there is a period of darkness north of the arctic circle, I can assure you that everyone knows that and knows the reason for it. I've been up there in the summer when you get 24 hours of daylight."
I neither give nor take assurances so everyone is on an equal footing at this point.
The cycle where the circumference of an area, with the North pole at its centre, expands and contracts over the course of a year is new to readers as it treats the process differently than the normal and deficient explanation using a tilting/tilted Earth. Presently the area where the Sun remains constantly out of sight, is reaching its maximum circumference with Arctic sea ice evolution roughly following that expanse of darkness known as the Arctic circle at its greatest circumference. Physically, the North pole has turned parallel to the Sun and orbital plane mid way to the light hemisphere of the Earth, so after the December Solstice, the distance to the light hemisphere closes and with it the area where the Sun remains constantly out of sight begins to shrink. That area of darkness shrinks altogether on the March Equinox when the Sun comes into view for the first time in 6 months and then the opposite expansion happens where the Sun remains constantly in view with the maximum circumference on the June Solstice.
In effect, the North/South poles in relation to the Sun and orbital plane behave this way annually as described by Copernicus originally, but dropped in De Revolutionibus to satisfy the deficient Ptolemaic framework-
[The direction of the North/South poles is opposite to that shown in the graphic above as the graphic was borrowed from Wikipedia]
Readers can safely say that the North pole will turn roughly 7 degrees into the dark hemisphere of the Earth from today up to the December Solstice thereby reaching the maximum expanse of darkness distant from the radius with the North pole at its centre-
So, the more productive approach is to consider how the North/South poles relate to the light and dark hemispheres of the Earth with the dividing line at right angles to the orbital plane. The next step is rather difficult yet there is imaging available which aids the observer in dropping axial precession as a 25,920 year cycle and shifting it to cause and effect between the motions of the planet and the seasons and from there to genuine climate research.
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