Notes etc. - Do not post copyright material

Food, coal, cloth and other things had to be carried from place to place. This encouraged people to improve old ways of transport. Thomas Telford and James McAdam improved road surfaces. Private investors built toll roads. Stage and mail coaches became faster and more comfortable. In Ireland, Charles Bianconi began a coach service linking many country towns. Canals like the Bridgewater Canal linked cities to the sea. In Ireland the Grand and Royal Canals linked Dublin to the Shannon.

After James Watt invented the steam engine, people tried to use it in transport but it took a long time to find out how. Around 1820 steam engines were put in ships to make them faster and more reliable than sailing ships. Steam-driven wagons (locomotives) were too heavy for the roads. In mining areas they were put on rails to carry coal. George Stephenson invented the Rocket, the first reliable steam locomotive. It was used on the Liverpool to Manchester railway in 1829. After that railways were built all over the world. The first Irish railway was from Dublin to Kingstown (Dun Laoghaire) in 1834.

thanks dkz, really helpful notes.

all i have on my computer is some religion definitions and some home-ec notes if anyone wants me to put them up .

p.s wanderingsoul,your science notes are really good if you have anything else on physics or chemistry it would be really appreciated, thanks. xxx

RELIGIOUS DEFENITIONS
RELIGION: belief in and worship of a god/gods
MONOTHEISM: belief in one god
POLYTHEISM: belief in many gods
HENOTHEISM: belief in 1 god but does not deny other gods
THEISM: yes there is a god
ATHEISM: there is no god
AGNOSTICISM: it is impossible to know if there is a god
SECULARISM: a decline in active membership of a religion
HUMANISM: belief in the power and reason of humans,not god
MATERIALISTS: seek fulfilment through material objects
ASCETIC: a person who lives a life of prayer and self denial
COMMUNITY OF FAITH: a group of people who share the same beliefs and worship in the same way
CREED: a set of beliefs in a religion e.g shahadah
SACRED TEXT: holy book containing important stories and key teachings of a religion e.g Koran
CODE: a set of guidelines for making moral decisions
WORSHIP: an action that recognises the importance of god
SENSE OF THE SACRED: awareness of the invisible and mysterious presence of god in your life
PRAYER: conversation from the heart between god and humans
RITUAL: a regular pattern to peoples worship e.g wudu
SIGN: an image/word/gesture that only has its obvious meaning
SYMBOL: an image, word or gesture that has another meaning
VOCATION: a calling to serve god e.g nun/priest
INTER-FAITH DIALOGUE: members of different world religions talking with and listening to one another
PLURALISM: belief that people of different world religions should learn to live alongside each other in peace
FUNDAMENTALISTS: accept the literal meaning of the bible
PILGRIMAGE: journey to a sacred place
CHRISTAINS: followers of jesus christ e.g catholics/orthodox
SECTARIANISM: narrow-minded, hostile attitude to people with different religious views e.g catholicsV.prodestants
ECUMENISM: the attempt to heal the rift between christains
REVERENCE: deep respect for someone or something
PROPHET: a holy man who received messages from god
NIGHT OF POWER AND EXCELLENCE: when muhammed is said to have revelation from allah on mount hira
HIJRA: the journey from mecca to medina taken by muhammed
5 ARTICLES OF FAITH: belief in allah/angels/Qur’an/ muhammmed/a final day of judgement
5 PILLAIRS OF FAITH: shahadah/creed, salat/prayer, zakat/charity, hajj/pilgrimage
IMAM: spiritual leader of a mosque. He is selected because of his knowledge of the Koran and commitment to islam.
MINBAR: raised platform where the imam gives a sermon
MIHRAB: an alcove in the wall that points towards mecca
MUEZZIN: calls muslims to prayer
MINARET:the tower where the muezzin calls muslims to prayer
WUDU: ritual washing of the hands + feet to prepare for prayer
AQIQA: muslim naming ceremony
CALIPH: successor to muhammed
SHISM: split or divide between members of a religion
SANHEDRIN: jewish court of law in ancient Palestine
TAX COLLECTOR: a traitor jew who worked for the romans
GOSPEL: good news. Principal source of info about jesus
EVANGELIST: writers of the gospel i.e mathew,mark,luke,john
SYNOPTIC: can be seen together/similar (mathew,mark,luke)
Q DOCUMENT: collection of jesus sayings used 4 johns gospel
DISCIPLE:following jesus and learning from his example
METANOIA: complete change of heart
APOSTLE: group of 12 close companions of jesus
THE KINGDOM OF GOD: a place love in peoples heart where they realise they are all gods children.
PARABLE:story with a hidden meaning e.g the good samaritian
BEATITUDES: a set of qualities people must have in order to be in the kingdom of god e.g deep faith, pure heart, merciful
MESSIAH: the anointed 1/chosen by god for an important task
INCARNATION: jesus is fully human and fully god
TRINITY: the belief that there are 3 persons in the 1 god
HERESY: spreading false ideas about god
ICON: decorated painting that shows an important religious idea
MYSTERY: a question to which humans cannot find the answer
REVALATION: the way god reaches out to people and reveals things about his nature which we would not otherwise know.
MORALITY: a set of beliefs that offer guidance on right/wrong
VALUE: what you consider to be good/important/worthwhile
SOCIALISATION: the way people aquire their values
MORAL VISION: a particular outlook on life
CONSCIENCE: a persons ability to apply their values to a moral situation and do the right thing
SHARI’A: a moral code which muslims, by law, must follow
LEGALISM: harsh and excessive devotion to the law
THEOCRACY: a state where religious laws are state laws

Any on Density & Flotation Alexis? For some reason I find that chapter difficult.

That'll do me! Thank you!

Thought it was about time that I contributed to this thread! I saw in another that poetic techniques in english is likely to come up, so I covered them for The Road Not Taken.


The Road Not Taken - Robert Frost

Poetic Techniques

Metaphors - The paths in the woods is a metaphor for choices in life

Imagery - "two roads diverged in a yellow wood"

Alliteration - "wanted wear", this adds to the melodious effect of the poem

Assonance - "grassy, passing, as, having", also adds to the melodious effect of the poem

Symbolism - the yellow leaves of autumn in the forest symbolises the poet is in the middle age bracket

Tommyrawr wrote: »

Rinne me staidéar ar an dán "Na blátha Craige" le Liam O Fleabhairtaigh. Is é

---

téama den dán seo
Sa Dán seo, tá an file buartha faoi na mbláthanna mar bíonn siad ag fás ar aill cois farraige. Ceapann an file go bhfuil na Bláthanna go deas ach ní maith leis an áit mar tá sé salach agus dorcha.
Tugann an file íomhánna den nádúir chun pictiúr réadúlach a thabhairt dúinne.
Is soiléir go bhfuil grá as cuimse ag an file ar an timpeallacht mar deir sé nach mbeidh an ghrian ag taitneamh go minic, ach níl na bláthanna buartha faoi sin.

Is iomaí mothúchán a nochtann go bhfuil ______ an téama/mothúcún sa dán mar tá an file buartha faoi na mbláthanna mar fasann siad ar aill in aice na farraige.
Ag an deireadh, deir na bláthanna go bhuil siad sona sásta ann mar is maith leo ceol na farraige agus tá siad faoi dhraíocht na farraige. Tá sé soléir go bhfuil an téama/mothúchán _________ ann

this is me template for it if worry or sea comes up

I had to correct quite a number of things there. It is vital that you get your tenses right, and the endings correct. You alternated between past and present in that piece, and a lot of the verbs were wrongly conjugated. Also, there were quite a few spelling mistakes. It's not 'bhuil' it's 'bhfuil'. You said 'is maith siad', it's 'is maith leo'. Something you'll be learning in 5th year is the Tuiseal Ginideach, so it's understandable that you said 'an ceoil na farraige', but it's 'ceol na farraige' as the 'the' is included in the 'na'.

The most important thing for all of you to remember is to make absolutely sure that you are using the correct tense and you have the correct form:) If anybody wants me to correct their notes I'd be more than happy to oblige:)

Kyromancer wrote: »

Leite Dhonncha Pheig - An Seabhac.

Bhí Donncha pósta le Neil. Bhí cúigear sa chlann - Donncha, Neil, Máirín, Peats, agus Neil Óg. Bhí Neil slachmhar, néata. Rinne sí obair an tí go néata. Ach mo bhrón, bhí sí dearmadach. Gach tráthnóna, rinne sí dearmad ar an salann sa leite.

Bhí clampar sa teach gach tráthnóna, mar chaith Donncha an leite amach. Bhí eagla ar Neil bhocht.

Mar réiteach ar an scéal, d'éirigh siad as an leite. Tráthnóna amháin, bheartaigh Neil ar an leite a dhéanamh arís agus smaoinigh sí ar an salann. Bhí sí lán sásta. Chuaigh sí amach go dtí cró na mbó.

Tháinig Donncha isteach. Chonaic sé an leite is chuir sé mám salann ann. Amach leis. Ansin tháining Máirín isteach, agus rinne sí amhlaidh. Tháinig Geanc isteach ansin is chuir sé mám salann sa leite. Ag an deireadh, tháining Neil Óg isteach is rinne sí an rud céanna.

Ansin tháinig an clann go léir isteach. Bhí Neil lán sásta. Chuir Donncha spúnóg leite ina bhéal is ansin lig sé béic uafásach as mar bhí an iomarca salann sa leite.

Bhí Neil bocht croíbhriste. Anois ólann siad tae gach tráthnóna.

---

So, how's that? My Irish isn't great, so there could be spelling mistakes and the like.

I also just found out how hard and tedious it is to type in Irish. I was going to post up a few more answers, but I'll just do one short poem for now.

The words in bold print I had to correct. Very few mistakes-so maith thú!:)

Your first botún was you didn't put the 'ar' after dearmad. You have to say 'Rinne mé/sé etc. dearmad AR something!

Your second botún wasn't really a mistake as such, but you swapped tenses. You said 'bhíodh'. While that's grand to use that, it's a different tense to what you have been using, so to be on the safe side, I'd stick with 'bhí'.

Your third botún was 'bheartaigh'. Beartaigh takes 'ar' after it, so I've fixed that for you. If you want you could use Shocraigh instead as they both mean decided.

Your fourth botún was 'Ar Deireadh'. It's much better to say 'Ag an Deireadh' or 'Sa Deireadh'.

You then just forgot the fáda on 'Céanna'.

Your final botún: You said 'croí briste' it's 'croíbhriste'.

Otherwise, your Irish isn't bad ar chor ar bith! You had very few errors:) If you have a few more for me to correct I'll do that too! I had said on here that I'd put up a list of Irish phrases, but with all my study I found that impossible! So sorry guys! I'll make it up to ye though by correcting some of your essays or if ye have maths problems I'll do that for ye too:D

Zoticon wrote: »

for science all u need is
'essentials unfolded junior cert science' by paul cooke published by the celtic press
my teacher says not to use da book just use that

I have that too it is really helpful

Industry: (Tipped to come up)

Factors Affecting Industrial Location:

Before companies decide to locate a new factory or business they must first consider the following important factors.

1. Resource Materials - Resource materials are important inputs into the factory and factories try to locate either: as close to the resource material as possible or where they can access they resource material easily, i.e. near a port if the resource material is bulky.

2. Labour - Factories locate where they can get a large educated workforce such as in cities and towns.

3. Transport - Factories locate near major roads, rail, port and air terminals to transport their outputs as quickly and cost efficiently as possible.

4. Markets - The marked is the place where the product/output of the factory is sold. Factories locate as close as possible to their markets or locate where they good access to their markets.

5. Services - All companies require telecommunication, electricity and water services, all of which are provided for in Ireland espeically in designated industrial estates.

6. Capital - Companies need money to invest in building factories and setting up businesses to be able to develop and expand their industry.

7. Government/EU Policy - Irish governments policy is to provide grants to promote industrial development through the IDA. The government lowered the rate of corporate tax to 12.5% to entice foreign companies to Ireland. This is known as Direct Foreign Investment.

Light Industry:

Case Study - Intel

A light industry usually processes small or lightweight raw materials into finished products, e.g. the manufacture of computer parts.

Intel are an American multinational corporation (MNC) which make computer components such as micro-processors. They employ 3,200 workers directly and over 1,000 workers indirectly through spin-off industries. They are located just off the M4 motorway at Leixlip on the Dublin/Kildare county boundary.

Factors affecting Intel's location:

1. Transport - The factory is accessible via the M4 and M50 to Dublin airport and the roll-on, roll-off ferry at Dublin port. The port tunnel speeds up the delivery of Intel's outputs.

2. Markets - 25% of Intel's world sales are in Europe and they chose this site because they could use Ireland as a spring-board to access the European market.

3. Labour - Dublin has a well-educated workforce which meets Intel's demands.

4. Services - 9 million litres of water a day from the River Liffey are used by Intel.

5. Government policy - The IDA provided grants to Intel to locate their factory here and the government lowered corporate tax to 12.5%


Heavy Industry:

Case Study - Aughinish Alumina:

A heavy industry usually processes heavy and bulky raw materials into finished products, e.g. the use of iron ore to make steel.

Aughinish Alumina is located on Aughinish Island 28km from Limerick City on the Shannon Estuary. The factory refines 1.5 million tonnes of bauxite into alumina annually. Aughinish Alumina employs 700 workers directly with many other spin-off industries.

Factors affecting Aughinish Alumina's location:

1. Transport - The factory is located on a deep-water marine terminal on the River Shannon near the town of Foynes.

2. Resource material - The heavy and bulky bauxite (input) is imported from the Republic of Guinea (on the west coast of Africa)

3. Markets - The output alumina is exported by ship to Scandinavia and the UK to be processed further into aluminium.

4. Labour - The factory is located within commuting distance of Limerick city which provides workers.

5. Services - Water is provided by the local River Deel

6. Governemt Policy - The Irish government provides grants and incentives for industrial development.

Serious respect for you DKZ

Rivers: (I really think this is coming up)

The Life-Cycle of a River:

1. The Youthful Stage:

The river begins its life cycle in the mountains. It's aim is to reach the lake or the sea as quickly as possible so it makes its way downwards by means of vertical erosion. Both its volume and load are small. Vertical erosion loosens material along the bed of the river.

Features:
- V Shaped Valleys
- Interlocking Spurs
- Potholes
- Waterfalls

2. The Mature Stage:

In the mature stage the river's volume and speed have increased. The river undergoes lateral erosion. The banks of the river are widened. The eroded material is transported to the old-age stage.

Features:
- Meanders
- Ox Bow Lakes

3. The Old-Age Stage:

The river is now entering the end of its life-cycle. All of the eroded and transported material from the youthful and mature stage is now deposited along the bed and banks of the river.

Features:
- Levees
- Deltas

Erosion:

Meanders & Ox Bow Lakes - In the mature stage of the river, both the river's volume and load have increased. The volume of the river has increased because tributaries have joined the main river. The river flowing over more gentle ground. Vertical erosion has stopped and the river erodes by lateral erosion. Lateral erosion leads to the formation of meanders and ox bow lakes.

Meanders are formed by erosion on the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank. Meanders appear as bends along a river's course.

During periods of flooding the river will cut across the narrow neck or the dividing land resulting in the meander being cut off forming an ox-bow lake. Eventually the ox bow lake will dry up forming a mort lake.

Deposition:

Levees - In the old-age stage the river concentrates on deposition. It is now flowing over very flat land. The river deposits material on its bed causing the level of water to rise. Sometimes this may cause the river to overflow depositing material on its banks. These banks are levees and are often reinforced to prevent the river over-flowing and damaging low-lying land.

mista_2k10 wrote: »

Do you think that stuff will come up?

Yes!