Advertisement
If you have a new account but are having problems posting or verifying your account, please email us on hello@boards.ie for help. Thanks :)
Hello all! Please ensure that you are posting a new thread or question in the appropriate forum. The Feedback forum is overwhelmed with questions that are having to be moved elsewhere. If you need help to verify your account contact hello@boards.ie
Hi there,
There is an issue with role permissions that is being worked on at the moment.
If you are having trouble with access or permissions on regional forums please post here to get access: https://www.boards.ie/discussion/2058365403/you-do-not-have-permission-for-that#latest

Are women superior to men? NOT FUNDAMENTAL FEMINIST RAMBLINGS.

  • 24-10-2003 7:31pm
    #1
    Closed Accounts Posts: 849 ✭✭✭


    Okay, this thread isn't about "Women are better than men because we're not as violent, because we have to give birth etc." because that's a load of ****. Okay, fine, we have to give birth, but the species wouldn't survive without males. Women are superior to men in that we have an extra half-chromosone(not referring to XXY(or is it XYY? Help me here Aoife or Hannah)Supermales) and therefore are genetically superior. Not more intelligent, more adept at survival in certain situations, not more creative etc., simply an extra half-chromosone(per cell). Still, it is an extra bit of genetics. Of course you could say, based on this point, that men are superior because they have higher average upper body strength, or even that one person is superior to another because they have more active follicles. I'm contradicting myself because this place is dying and we need discussion, no matter how pointless.
    My apologies if people begin posting fundamentalist feminist or extremely macho crap. This is a thread for discussion of my previous point, not "Women have to put up with more than men", "The world is still sexist" or "Women belong in the kitchen"-style statements.

    Edit-not sure what I was thinking when I started this, the point seemed so much more valid in my mind. Bleh. Damn inability to voice my opinions properly. I'll leave it here to see if anyone agrees, or can voice the point better than me.


«1

Comments

  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 337 ✭✭Green Hand Guy


    Women may have that extra half chromosone thing, but what are they going to use it for? We, on the other hand, have penises which have many uses which I will now list:
    1. Being able to urinate with deadly accuracy.
    2. Filling a lot of space in our underwear which would otherwise be wasted.
    3. Hanging coats off if we run out of hangers at a dinner party or box social.
    4. Draw some eyes above it and presto, a humourous face.
    5. Having something for Jewish people to cut lumps out of in a ritual that baffles me to this day. IF IT WASN'T MEANT TO BE THERE WE WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN BORN WITH IT!!!!
    6. It takes up more space than a pathetic half chromosone.
    7. It's an immediate indicator of who we find attractive.
    8. Loners can give it a name and personality. Voila! An instant friend.
    9. Without it men would do that weird womanly ass wobble when they walk, and who wants to see that.
    10. If men didn't have penises then that funny story about the man who snapped his when a deckchair collapsed would never have existed.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 458 ✭✭ll=llannah


    :rolleyes:

    not refering to XXY(or is it XYY?
    its XYY. (y being male chromosome...therefore the 'supermale' is someone born with two male chromosomes, two ys, and therefore XYY.)
    I'm contradicting myself because this place is dying
    yes...that's the reason...


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 547 ✭✭✭Devious


    I havent spoken to my wife in 2 years. I dont like to interrupt her.

    But seriously folks, yes, of course women are superior to men. Apart from Superman. And Gandhi.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 451 ✭✭Zukustious


    Why would the extra half chromosome make you superior? If I were to grow an extra arm would I be superior to all the other humans. Most likely yes, but let's say I grew an extra... wrist. No wait that's a bad example too. Ok let's say I had an extra.... skin mass over my eyeball. Would I then be superior to all the other human? I doubt it. Just because you have more of something doesn't mean it makes you an improved human.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 849 ✭✭✭Liquorice


    I said genetically superior GENETICALLY SUPERIOR DAMMIT! By superior I mean above or ahead of another human being, not a better human being. To be superior in general one would have to be a demi-god.
    Being taller than another human being would make you superior in height.
    Having more active follicles than another would make you follicly(follicularily?) superior.
    Having an extra arm would make you superior in the field of possession of arms...ignore me, in fact ignore this thread. I'm not fully sane at the moment.


  • Advertisement
  • Closed Accounts Posts: 4,943 ✭✭✭Mutant_Fruit


    OF course women are superior to men, they can drive cars and parrallel park them without difficulty. They can count to 11 without having to take a shoe off.

    But more important;y, here are 10 reasons why beer is better than women:

    1.You can enjoy a beer all month.
    2. Beer stains wash out.
    3. You don't have to wine and dine a beer.
    4. Your beer will always wait patiently for you in the car.
    5. When beer goes flat you toss it out.
    6. Beer is never late.
    7. hangovers eventually go away.
    8. A beer doesn't get jealous when you grab another beer.
    9. Beer labels come off without a fight.
    10. When you go to a bar, you know you can always pick up a beer.


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 76 ✭✭Squeee


    Originally posted by Green Hand Guy

    5. Having something for Jewish people to cut lumps out of in a ritual that baffles me to this day. IF IT WASN'T MEANT TO BE THERE WE WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN BORN WITH IT!!!!
    [/QUOT]
    But then what about children who are born with tumours....should we(well, perhaps WE shouldn't) not operate on them? Should we just say "If it wasn't meant to be there the kid wouldn't have been born with it! And yes I am intentionally taking your words and making them stupid, it's for argument's sake.(And yes, I am also implying that the penis is nothing more than a tumour and should be removed at birth. Hee hee.)
    Back onto this strange topic, women are actually genetically superior to men and it is all thanks to that half-chromosone. I don't remember how this works at all, I actually had this explained to me by a science teacher(Lord knows they know everything) The gist of it was that it's because males are genetically inferior that they are much more prone to things like being colour-blind.


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 13,016 ✭✭✭✭vibe666


    so, are any of you super women out there smart enough to tell me what this extra half a chromosome does?

    what good is half a one anyway? if you were all so superior you'd have made sure it was a half one.

    or is it a diet one?

    sorry for the sharp comments, but I just got up and I'm feeling, well....sharp.

    seriously though, what's it for and how do you know it's not something that isn't needed (or indeed could be inhibiting women) that men got rid of ages ago cos it wasn't doing anything?


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 11,198 ✭✭✭✭Crash


    Actually the extra half a chromosome argument can be turned on yourself. seeing as the male chromosome functions perfectly well without the extra bit, is it not evidence that it is a genetic layback? wasted genetics if you will. tis all down to evolution. the question is as to whether the extra bit is a throwback to millenia ago or a step forward.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 2,590 ✭✭✭lordsippa


    Dammit! Neil you beat me to the point I was gonna make when I read this! Having an extra half chromosone could be a sign of being higher evolved than man, or it could be a sign of being as evolved as man, only less efficiently. I doubt it's less evolved. But then I AM a wee bit of a feminist... Until I realise that for every 1 super mega funky cool better than any guy girl there is, there are 3000 tag-along braindead conformist silly women. At least most guys have at least 1 big quirky thing. :p


  • Advertisement
  • Closed Accounts Posts: 292 ✭✭Spenguin


    I read some article a little while ago that said men will die out eventually because umm... it was something to do with the fact that women had two different types of chromosomes and for some reason defects in one chromosome would be... I can't remember... shared, with the other so the chromosome wouldn't die out as soon as the male chromosomes will because they only have one type... Well, it made sense when I read it. It was something along those lines. Nevermind.


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 5,333 ✭✭✭Cake Fiend


    Originally posted by Scarlett
    Women are superior to men in that we have an extra half-chromosone(not referring to XXY(or is it XYY? Help me here Aoife or Hannah)Supermales) and therefore are genetically superior.

    I'm not a genetics biologist, but how exactly does having an extra 'half-chromosone' make women genetically superior? What advantage does this extra bit of a chromosone give women? Would a man with no nipples be physiologically inferior to other men?

    I don't think this topic makes sense (but then again, I am an inferior male type).


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 389 ✭✭Aliminator


    IT IS UNBELIEVABLE THE AMOUNT OF IGNORANCE HERE, and the fact that i just deleted my LONG ASS post .grr.

    to correct the genetic thing, in summary version:

    1) Genetics is 99% an equal opportunities 'employer'
    2) that 1% is only with recessive X-linked diseases such as haemophilia.
    3) Women (XX) are filled MORE **** (genetic repeated information) than men. Humans take information from 1 X chromosome, the second is just for allele determination in dominancy issues (women are picky).
    4) XXY is what u were rambling about. Klinefelter's syndrome. feminised male. bit of both sexual characteristics. abnormally tall, high-pitched voice yada, yada, dada.
    5) Supposedly, we all start off as a woman, but thanks to the Y some of us (lucky enuff from my perspective) change into a man. That is why women get repeated X, but men have 1 X and 1Y. X is template, Y changes the human.

    That's enuff of my rambling for now. the above is all accurate i promise ya.


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 149 ✭✭twirly sponge


    Does the extra half chromosome actually do anything/ make us any different? We'd only be superior if it made us better in some way, and there isn't necessarily anything good about having an extra chromosome, people are born with downs syndrome because of having an extra chromosome 22.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 849 ✭✭✭Liquorice


    Originally posted by Aliminator
    4) XXY is what u were rambling about. Klinefelter's syndrome. feminised male. bit of both sexual characteristics. abnormally tall, high-pitched voice yada, yada, dada.

    XYY is in fact what I was talking about. It is where a male possesses two Y chromosones, as well as the X chromosone, thus supplying him with more testosterone. These XYY males are known as 'Supermales', a lot of whom are serial killers.


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 389 ✭✭Aliminator


    Originally posted by twirly sponge
    Does the extra half chromosome actually do anything/ make us any different? We'd only be superior if it made us better in some way, and there isn't necessarily anything good about having an extra chromosome, people are born with downs syndrome because of having an extra chromosome 22.

    ah a learned person in non-disjunction and trisomy.

    refer to allele determination for usefulness of extra X.

    Scarlett: XYY....hmmm. haven't read about those. i'll get back to u on that one. i'll take ur word for the serial nature of them.


    And by the way, i'm a MAN (just in case), and appear to know more than u 'superior' (lack there of) females on this thread.


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 11,198 ✭✭✭✭Crash


    Actually i read up on XYY syndrome there earlier and the serial killer bit is a piece of bull****. there have been like 3 who claimed they were shortly after the XYY was discovered simply because it would have been a cause to get them off due to insanity. however none of them turned out to be XYY.

    Interesting fact #1 - th prison colony in aliens 3 is a colony for Violent XYY's -


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 389 ✭✭Aliminator


    good reading neil.

    And by the way, mod and I are men, and appear to know more than u 'superior' (lack there of) females on this thread. so :p:D


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 292 ✭✭Spenguin


    So you found something you have in common with neil. You're both male. Well done. This makes you feel 'in' with the mod eh? So now 'you and neil' are 'smarter' than the females on the thread for no apparent reason.


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 11,198 ✭✭✭✭Crash


    ....how did i get in trouble for being male? all i pointed out was that while the XYY chromosome, while being responsible for extraordinary height and a few others (and reputedly increasing the alpha male instinct slightly) was not a serial killer thing. it was the equivelant of ADD to schoolchildren now. i.e. it was the excuse. (I can just tell someone who actually has attention deficite disorder is gonna give out to me but they must know what i mean - ADD is the disorder that any child who walks a different path will get diagnosed with).

    Give out to alim, not moi.


  • Advertisement
  • Closed Accounts Posts: 292 ✭✭Spenguin


    I wasn't giving out to you, I was giving out to aliminator because he thinks that you and him are the only ones who are better than women because your the mod and he's a jerk... oh nevermind.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 849 ✭✭✭Liquorice


    I'll give out to Alim...This thread is a JOKE. Not serious. Nobody is superior to anyone else. Unless of course they're a god or demigod. Or Crash [/sucking up to Neil]. Women have an extra half-chromosone. We are superior in the amount of chromosones we possess. Not really superior in the 'better-human-being' sense. Again, this thread is a JOKE. We can go into deep conversation about genetics, evolution, etc., and discuss XXY and XYY, because they're interesting topics, but don't take this thread's topic seriously.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 31,967 ✭✭✭✭Sarky


    Some species of fern have about 300 chromosomes.

    Bow down to your green leafy masters!


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 2,486 ✭✭✭Redshift


    This is an interesting article about the weakening on the Y chromosome. here
    Seems we not screwed yet:)


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 3,643 ✭✭✭magpie


    What are women doing reading boards? Isn't this just for spoddy computer nerds? :)


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 389 ✭✭Aliminator


    actually, i only included neil cos he did some reading. i was just going to say i am superior, but well.....
    and i bleeding well am superior in knowledge compared to ye, considering hte stuff that has been posted.

    and if ya hadn't noticed the number of side-comments in my posts, u'd realise it's a JOKE too. i posted it to TAKE THE PISS.

    this is what i meant when i said the extra chromosomes makes ya full of Sh.ite!


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 292 ✭✭Spenguin


    First you say you really are superior, then you say it was a joke in your previous post, then you conclude by saying again that you are superior to women. Well, you're sorta digging a hole there aliminator. I'd quit while you are not too behind. You ever here that saying by shakespeare,

    The fool thinks he's wise, but the wise man knows he's a fool.

    I think that applies here. I'm not gonna continue this arguement after this because I don't want the thread to be locked because of this.


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 389 ✭✭Aliminator


    this is what i meant when i said the extra chromosomes makes ya full of Sh.ite!
    is a fact. not a declaration of my possible superiority.

    digging a hole with who? do i even know u?

    who's the bigger fool, the fool or the one who tries to reason with the fool?

    <yes, yes, neil, no inflammatory posts. this is the last one.>


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 849 ✭✭✭mentalimplosion


    ok, i don't claim to be well-versed on the subject but wouldn't seem that of course women are genetically superior to men? i mean, we beat you guys at giving birth, cooking, moaning, driving terribly and all the other stuff we girls are known for (YOU know what i mean). and since we (the girls)'re all good at this stuff and we all have the extra chromosome or whatever, thus we ARE genetically superior!


  • Advertisement
  • Closed Accounts Posts: 1,446 ✭✭✭Havelock


    *Cracks thick neck and rolls muscled shoulders*

    (Those of you who are going to UCD Rocky Horror Show tonight will know how much of a lie the above is)

    Shocking News: Women are superior to men. Think about it. They are more attractive, have nicer breasts (no offence Sven, but yours are some of the nicest man-bosoms I've seen if it makes you feel better), softer lips, higher pain tolerance, live longer and generally healthier than we men.

    Ok, we are typically stronger, taller and more phyiscally robust (stronger bones etc) but when is that a good thing?

    Their endit the discussion.

    (PS: XYY Males and XXX Females tend not only to be larger and more incliended to be Alpha's their is also a higher persentage of genius among them. So one could be mislead to thinking that XYY's are superiour, but there is no proof what so ever that we are. )

    :p


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 11,198 ✭✭✭✭Crash


    Actually although there is a higher chance of genius the average intelligence is lower. so it all balances out really. also both mental implosion and havelock seem to miss the genetic piece. :p


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 1,446 ✭✭✭Havelock


    I miss nothing!
    I just don't care.


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 237 ✭✭ur mentor


    Originally posted by Scarlett
    Iignore me, in fact ignore this thread. I'm not fully sane at the moment.

    so what is the problem then?


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 389 ✭✭Aliminator


    Originally posted by mentalimplosion
    we beat you guys at cooking.
    ............ thus we ARE genetically superior!
    eh. men are the best cooks. u mostly see male chefs. we're just not arsed all the time.

    eh....have u read any of hte previous posts? i mean, really read and understood?


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 389 ✭✭Aliminator


    for some reason i can't edit this pic into the last msg.
    and have no idea how to get it to come up automatically. little help here l33ts plz.

    it's funny. and damn well true.


  • Advertisement
  • Closed Accounts Posts: 849 ✭✭✭mentalimplosion


    yes, i had read and (sort of) understood the previous posts, i just thought that they were of nothing that i could write about, since i know nowt of genetics.

    the real question is: did you read and understand MY post?!?


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 389 ✭✭Aliminator


    yes.
    hence the Q about cooking and superiority..duh?
    know ur facts. men are the best cooks.
    women are best at giving birth, (hence only midwives, and not midhusbands), moaning and behotching, and driving badly (unless the man is over 65)

    back to topic. Women are NOT superior in mANY useful ways (only current useful way is lower chance of getting X - linked diease.)


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 408 ✭✭purplepolkadot


    alim, dear, male midwives are called... male midwives. and they exist. they have a proper name that's like obstetrician (sp?) but isn't.

    there are more female chefs than male chefs. check your local cert course. men make good chefs because they make better authority figures to other men, if you get me. a 19 yr. old commis is more likely to listen to say, a 6ft german who insists he be called chef than 5ft. 4' mary from kiltimagh.

    Ok, we are typically stronger, taller and more phyiscally robust (stronger bones etc) but when is that a good thing?
    when you're a huntin' and a gatherin'. and protectin' the young uns'. ie., it's not really called for anymore. cos ye went and made weapons and killed off all the everythings.

    there's a good big handful of genetic diseases 'cancelled out' by the x chromosome, i'd name them, but i was daydreaming at the time. women can still be carriers though, so the disease thing doesn't really matter, cos of the crossing girls can still get the diseases they're just more common in boys. eg, haemophilia, downs' syndrome, colour blindness.

    more men are geneticists than women. and they do the research into what the 'extra' x chromosome does. and they haven't figure it out. so, when you think about it, it's the menfolks' fault that we don't know really what the second x chromosome does, and therefore why we don't know why women and genetically 'superior' to men.

    if i had have brought the oul' biology book home over the midterm, i'd know exactly what i was talking about. i should really cos we're doing it at the moment. oopsies.


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 389 ✭✭Aliminator


    i'm sorry. i had never seen male midwives. i admit my wrong doing. but still, they're very rare.

    On a side note, to throw a further spanner in the works, the most important human differences are in the somatic chromosomes. all 22pairs. compared to 1 XY pair or 1XX.
    At the end of the day we're each better at someone else at doing something.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 164 ✭✭tibilt


    why does there have to be a superior? one cannot survive without the other.


  • Advertisement
  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 69 ✭✭vikki


    WHY???
    whats the point in fighting over this subject???
    Both males and females are needed to keep the species in existance!!! so basically we (i being female... thank god!!!) both need eachother and who really cares which gender is superior to the other...

    Q. why are there snowmen and no snowwomen (spelling???)?
    A. because only men are stupid enough to stand in the cold all
    winter!!!

    and i know the joke (if its even funny) is a dig at males but its not meant to be offensive maybe we should see who is least superior to get an answer to this (rather pointless in my opinion) question!

    :) why argue about something which may not have an answer when all factors are taken into account

    maybe its just a matter of personal opinion

    vikki*:p


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 8,880 ✭✭✭Raphael


    Originally posted by vikki
    Both males and females are needed to keep the species in existance!!!

    I BEG to differ! what about hermaphrodites!


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 69 ✭✭vikki


    when i typed about "the species" i was referring to humans
    not worms and the like who manage to reproduce without another

    *vikki*

    Ps im not wonderful at biology etc. so if not all worms are hermaphrodites (sp???) i apologize;)


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 444 ✭✭s0l


    I say we start up the Feminiminist movement!

    Women back in dresses!
    Sowing
    OH! MR KIPLING, YOUR CAKES > *


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 8,880 ✭✭✭Raphael


    Originally posted by vikki
    when i typed about "the species" i was referring to humans
    not worms and the like who manage to reproduce without another

    *vikki*

    I'm pretty sure that humans can also be hermaphrodites, though their called shemales usually


  • Moderators, Recreation & Hobbies Moderators, Science, Health & Environment Moderators, Technology & Internet Moderators Posts: 94,288 Mod ✭✭✭✭Capt'n Midnight


    About two billion years ago bacteria discoved sex. The main survival advantage it gave them was that swapping DNA meant that their descendants would be genetically different to themselves. This has the effect of making evolution is faster and introducing more genetic variation into the population, 'cos of the gene shuffling which means that a virus/phage/parasite that would have devasted a popultaion that were indentical clones now is likely to have some individuals who have greater genetic resistance and/or could develop resistance sooner.

    So at first there were mainly hemaphrodites, but later on two distinct sexes appeared, and apart from mammals in most species the female is bigger. In the case of the angler fish this is carried to extreme.

    Some fish start out as male - and only when they are big enough to lay eggs do their genes give them a sex change to become male. Other fish start out as females with one male - if anything happens to him - the biggest female becomes a male...

    The X chromosome is needed to live - you can't be YY.
    The Y is what makes one male - it is smaller than the X (hence the half bit) and is missing a lot of genes, but in most cases working copies of the genes will be found on the X.


    Due to our recent evolution men and women are quite different, apart from the size (dimorphism). Women have wider hips and more fat, but both sexes have vestigil sex organs of both sexes. (eg. men have nipples etc.) in theory the right doses of the right hormones at the right time can be used to change sex before birth (look at all the stories about men growing brests) - possibly even enough to produce a hemphrodite. And the we'd know the answer to the question of who gets more pleasure...
    Note: most hemaphrodites don't self fertilize if there is any other alternative. But if they do then the offspring will not be genetically indentical. Eg: if parent if Aa then offspring can be AA or Aa or aa (the physical expression (phynotype) of AA usually is the same as Aa but not always) also things eg: skin colour are a blend of genes rather than being black or white.

    Or if the nucleas of the egg did not split on the final division in the ovary then a woman would become pregnant with her clone..
    ===============

    Also on a Radio 4 program recently they talked about research on C. Elegans (SP) a nematode with only ~500 cells in it's body - ie. they have a fair idea of each of the cell divisions in it's life. But if you make it sexless by killing off certain stem cells then they can live up to 7 times as long ! Similar research has been done on mice. It's a bit more complicated than castration but in theory a sexless person (rather than neutered) could live to be 500 (and fairly active for most of that time)


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 164 ✭✭tibilt


    thank you for that entirely unecessary spate of showing off alim.


  • Registered Users, Registered Users 2 Posts: 5,513 ✭✭✭Sleipnir


    what a strange thread.
    I can see the protests and chants now....


    "Who has more chromosomes?!"
    "WE DO!"
    "Does that make us better?"
    "UUUUH, POSSIBLY.....?"


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 8,880 ✭✭✭Raphael


    Originally posted by tibilt
    thank you for that entirely unecessary spate of showing off alim.

    WTF?!?!?!?!?!?!?!

    That wasnt alim, unless he figured out Capt'n Midnight's Password


  • Moderators, Recreation & Hobbies Moderators, Science, Health & Environment Moderators, Technology & Internet Moderators Posts: 94,288 Mod ✭✭✭✭Capt'n Midnight


    Originally posted by Kananga
    what a strange thread.
    I can see the protests and chants now....

    "Who has more chromosomes?!"
    "WE DO!"
    "Does that make us better?"
    "UUUUH, POSSIBLY.....?"

    Eh? Most of us have 23 pairs of chromosomes (ie 46 halves) - some people may have more than a pair eg Klinfelters / Mongalism - and there is no correlation between the numbers of chromosomes and your position on the "evolutionary ladder" ..

    Back on topic

    One point in previous topic was that if you were neither male nor female you could possibly live 7 times as long which makes the quabbling over m vs. f a bit redundant ..


  • Advertisement
Advertisement