Is there any enforcement of access orders?

Snugglebunnies

I know there are set out legal reprecussions such as jail time etc, but are these methods actually used in the Irish family court system? Does it depend on the circumstances?

It's just a general discussion on the topic I'm after not legal advice!

patsypantaloni

Enforcement of access has long been a problem in Ireland, the Children and Family Relationships Act 2015 inserted new sections 18A to 18D into the Guardianship of Infants Act 1964 to give the courts more power to deal with this issue, remains to be seen how effective they will be:

“Enforcement orders

18A. (1) A guardian or parent of a child who has been—

(a) granted, by order of the court made under this Act, custody of, or access to, that child, and

(b) unreasonably denied such custody or access by another guardian or parent of that child,

may apply to the court for an order (‘enforcement order’) under this section.

(2) An application under subsection (1) shall be on notice to each guardian and parent of the child concerned.

(3) Subject to subsection (4), the court, on an application under subsection (1), shall make an enforcement order only where it is satisfied that—

(a) the applicant was unreasonably denied custody or access, as the case may be, by the other parent or guardian,

(b) it is in the best interests of the child to do so, and

(c) it is otherwise appropriate in the circumstances of the case to do so.

(4) An enforcement order may provide for one or more than one of the following:

(a) that the applicant be granted access to the child for such periods of time (being periods of time in addition to the periods of time during which the applicant has access to the child under the order referred to in subsection (1)(a)) that the court may consider necessary in order to allow any adverse effects on the relationship between the applicant and child caused by the denial referred to in subsection (1) to be addressed;

(b) that the respondent reimburse the applicant for any necessary expenses actually incurred by the applicant in attempting to exercise his or her right under the order referred to in subsection (1)(a) to custody of, or access to, the child;

(c) that the respondent or the applicant, or both, in order to ensure future compliance by them with the order referred to in subsection (1)(a) do one or more than one of the following:

(i) attend, either individually or together, a parenting programme;

(ii) avail, either individually or together, of family counselling;

(iii) receive information, in such manner and in such form as the court may determine on the possibility of their availing of mediation as a means of resolving disputes between them, that adversely affect their parenting capacities, between the applicant and respondent.

(5) An enforcement order shall not contain a provision referred to in subsection (4)(a) unless—

(a) the child, to the extent possible given his or her age and understanding, has had the opportunity to make his or her views on the matter known to the court, and

(b) the court has taken the views (if any) of the child referred to in paragraph (a) into account in making the order.

(6) Where the court, on an application under subsection (1), is of the opinion that the denial of custody or access was reasonable in the particular circumstances, it may—

(a) refuse to make an enforcement order, or

(b) make such enforcement order that it considers appropriate in the circumstances.

(7) This section is without prejudice to the law as to contempt of court.

(8) In this section—

‘family counselling’ means a service provided by a family counsellor in which he or she assists a person or persons—

(a) to resolve or better cope with personal and interpersonal problems or difficulties relating to, as the case may be, his, her or their marriage, civil partnership, cohabitation or parenting of a child, or

(b) to resolve or better cope with personal and interpersonal problems or difficulties, or issues relating to the care of children, where the person or persons is or are affected, or likely to be affected, by separation, divorce, the dissolution of a civil partnership or the ending of a relationship of cohabitation;

‘family counsellor’ means a person who has the requisite skill and judgment to provide family counselling;

‘parenting programme’ means a programme that is designed to assist (including by the provision of counselling services or the teaching of techniques to resolve disputes) a person in resolving problems that adversely affect the carrying out of his or her parenting responsibilities.

Person presumed to have seen order of court

18B. A person shall be deemed to have been given or shown a copy of an order made under this Act if that person was present at the sitting of the court at which such order was made.

Power of court to vary or terminate custody or access enforcement order

18C. (1) The court may, on application by a person granted by order of the court made under this Act, custody of, or access to a child, make an order varying or terminating an enforcement order or any part of that order.

(2) The court may, in proceedings to vary or terminate a custody or access order, in those proceedings vary or terminate an enforcement order that relates to that custody or access order.

Enforcement of custody or access order

18D. (1) Where a guardian or parent of a child—

(a) has been granted, by order of the court made under this Act, custody of, or access to that child, and

(b) fails, without reasonable notice to another guardian or parent of the child, to exercise the right concerned,

the other parent or guardian of the child may apply to the court for an order requiring the first-mentioned guardian or parent to reimburse to the second-mentioned guardian or parent any necessary expenses actually incurred by that guardian or parent as a result of the failure of the first-mentioned guardian or parent to exercise that right.

(2) In this section, and section 18A, ‘necessary expenses’ include the following:

(a) travel expenses;

(b) lost remuneration;

(c) any other expenses the court may allow.”.