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Notes etc. - Do not post copyright material

bluejay14

So we've been saying this for a while now that we should start a thread to put notes/phrases etc.I finally took it upon myself to start one seeing as we've been putting up a lot of notes here and there on different things so it's time to get them all together in one place beause I will never be able to find them come June.

So just throw up anything that you think will be useful on any of the JC subjects; English, Irish, French, religion, business, geography, whatever.

It's also another reason to be on boards - what it is study:p.

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CathalRyano

joeballs wrote: »

hi lads, im really stuck for tech graph my teacher is useless and has only done two ordinary questions with us !!! I have my mock tomorrow , any chance of a little help for the higher level paper?

What kind of help do you need for tech graph? Not really many notes or anything like that for tech graph, is it the paper you're asking for, because that's not allowed here. Even then, with the tech graph paper you'll need to know how to do the drawings rather than simply know what's coming up. The same things come up in every drawing every year, it's just a different drawing.

If you need any help, I can offer it here, I got 95% in my tech graph exam, mainly because of how brilliant our teacher is!

joeballs

CathalRyano wrote: »

What kind of help do you need for tech graph? Not really many notes or anything like that for tech graph, is it the paper you're asking for, because that's not allowed here. Even then, with the tech graph paper you'll need to know how to do the drawings rather than simply know what's coming up. The same things come up in every drawing every year, it's just a different drawing.

If you need any help, I can offer it here, I got 95% in my tech graph exam, mainly because of how brilliant our teacher is!

i understand what is coming up in the paper it is just that i amn't great at drawing parables, tangets and rotations etc. i am okay with most part A's of each question as they simple and straight forward. It is when you are asked to find the true shape of surface s and bits like that. My major problems are with rotations, ellipses parables and tangents... Any help in that area would be great

CathalRyano

joeballs wrote: »

i understand what is coming up in the paper it is just that i amn't great at drawing parables, tangets and rotations etc. i am okay with most part A's of each question as they simple and straight forward. It is when you are asked to find the true shape of surface s and bits like that. My major problems are with rotations, ellipses parables and tangents... Any help in that area would be great

Look through your book and where it tells you to do the constuctions. You'll need to know how to draw a parabola (they're quite simple to be honest), an elipse when only given the major axis (or only the minor axis), a tangent to an elipse from an external point. Try just doing some rough drawings of each of them on bits of paper with the book telling you how.

Rotations shouldn't be too hard. The elevation is given to you and It's really just a matter of sending your points down, rotating them shouldn't be too hard, remember to look at the method in your book and make sure you know how to rotate them, bring them up to the end elevation. Bring the points across from the elevation to the end elevation. Make sure to divide up your circles into 12 with your 60 degree set square.

Also remember that if you can't do a part of the drawing, just guess it as a lot of bits aren't really worth that many marks as long as you know the method of drawing the drawing. for example, if there's an angle you can't find in the elevation of a rotations question, guess it and just complete the rotation.

Not sure if this is much help, good luck.

joeballs

if any one needs any history notes just ask, i have them on everything in year three and year two. I have my french mock tomorrow and i would appreciate it if anybody could tell me what phrases come up regulary in the french informal letter and how to get good marks in it ? Thanks

Troxck

Does anyone have a basic intro for a debate in Irish? In TY now and we never did a debate for the Junior Cert so I have no idea how I would start it. I'm fine with the actual main structure, just the intro...

Bazinga_N

Troxck wrote: »

Does anyone have a basic intro for a debate in Irish? In TY now and we never did a debate for the Junior Cert so I have no idea how I would start it. I'm fine with the actual main structure, just the intro...

Open it with:
A chathaoirligh, a mholtór(í), a lucht fhreasúra agus a chomhscoláirí.. = Chariperson, adjudicator(s), opposition and fellow students..

Then you'd want to announce the motion, with something like:

Is é an rún atá le plé againn inniu ná.. = The motion that is to be discussed by us today is..

Then just go into it

Troxck

Bazinga_N wrote: »

Open it with:
A chathaoirligh, a mholtór(í), a lucht fhreasúra agus a chomhscoláirí.. = Chariperson, adjudicator(s), opposition and fellow students..

Then you'd want to announce the motion, with something like:

Is é an rún atá le plé againn inniu ná.. = The motion that is to be discussed by us today is..

Then just go into it

Thank you SO much. I knew it was in my book from last year but I cannot find it. Again, thanks!

AlmostCared

I'll be finished me pre exams this Thursday and will have a long weekend ahead of me. I'd be more than happy to put some of my notes up if anybody wants them? Just ask me and I'll see if I have something lying around on it. Also, there seems to be very few people here in this thread compared to last year?

joeballs

hope this helps someone

YEAR 3

POLITICAL CHANGE IN 20TH CENTURY IRELAND

1. POLITICAL GROUPS IN 20TH CENTURY IRELAND

Governing Ireland
• Irish MPs and lords in Westminster
• Lord Lieutenant represented King
• Chief Secretary represented British government

Nationalists
Vast majority supported Irish Parliamentary Party (Home Rule Party).
Led by John Redmond
84 of 105 seats in 1910
Home Rule meant a parliament in Dublin to deal with internal affairs
Peaceful means.
Had support of the Liberal Party.

IRB
Secret revolutionary organisation
Responsible for 1867 Fenian Rising
Complete independent Republic
Supported by Irish in USA

Sinn Féin
Arthur Griffith 1905
Dual monarchy
Abstentionist
Tariffs to develop industry
Small until after 1916

Unionists
Wanted to stay in UK. No HR. 3 reasons
1. Felt British
2. Home rule = Rome rule
3. Fear of losing trade links
Carson and Craig
Supported by Conservatives (Empire would fall apart)

Labour Movement
Poor state of workers in Ireland
James Larkin from Liverpool set up ITGWU
William Martin Murphy and Employers Federation = Lockout
Police, government and Catholic Church supported employers.
After 5 months workers defeated
ITGWU did not die

2. THE HOME RULE CRISIS

The Home Rule Bill
1910 the Liberal government needed the support of the Home Rule Party (84 seats)
1911 Liberals passed The Parliament Act. House of Lords could only delay bills for 2 years.
1912 Third Home Rule Bill became law.
1914 WW1 broke out.
1916 the Irish didn’t want HR

Unionist Opposition
Took different forms
• Demonstrations and speeches by Carson and Craig
• Solemn League and Covenant
• UVF
• Larne (35000 rifles)
The Curragh Mutiny

Nationalist Reaction
Eoin MacNeill wrote ‘The North Began’
IVF
IRB involvement
Howth gun running (900 rifles) Asgard
WW1 stopped Civil War

3. REACTION TO WORLD WAR 1

Unionists joined 36th Ulster Division to show support for the union
Redmond at Woodenbridge split IVF
Those who supported Redmond became the National Volunteers and joined the British army
Those who supported MacNeill kept IVF name (IRB mainly)
250,000 Irishmen fought in WW1. 30,000 to 40,000 died

4. THE 1916 RISING

Plans for a Rising
IRB ‘England’s difficulty is Ireland’s opportunity’
Military Council (Thomas Clarke, Patrick Pearse, Sean McDermott, Thomas Mac Donough, Joseph Plunkett and Eamon Ceannt)
James Connolly and the Irish Citizen’s Army persuaded to join.
Roger Casement. 20,000 rifles from Germany on the Aud.
MacNeill would not take part unless they were attacked first. The Castle document was forged. MacNeill was deceived and agreed to allow the IVF take part at Easter

Plans go wrong
Aud captured and scuttled. Casement arrested and hanged.
MacNeill found out the Castle Document was a forgery and called off manoeuvres on Easter Sunday

The Rising goes ahead
Military Council decided to go ahead on Easter Monday.
Rising confined to Dublin and bound for military failure
Pearse and the Proclamation
1500 rebels took key buildings in the city (GPO, Boland’s Mills, Jacob’s Factory, The Four Courts)
Failure to take Dublin Castle a big mistake.
British reinforcements from the Curragh and England.
The Helga shelled the GPO
Saturday, unconditional surrender

The Results of the Rising
1. 500 killed, more injured, much damage
2. Dubliners angry with rebels
3. Martial law (2000 interned)
4. 90 sentenced to death. 15 executed in Kilmainham Jail. Irish minds were changed. Home Rule finished.
5. Sinn Féin got blamed and became popular. It changed its aim to an Irish Republic. DeValera became its leader.

The Conscription Crisis
Compulsory military service further boosted Sinn Fein’s popularity

The 1918 General Election
73 seats for Sinn Fein
Called their MPs Teachtaí Dála and refused to take seats.
1919 Dáil Éireann set up.

5. THE INDEPENDENCE STRUGGLE

Sinn Féin and the First Dail
1919 Mansion House
27 TDs only, jail or on the run
First meeting issued:
• Declaration of Independence
• A message to the Free Nations of the World
• A programme to improve living and working conditions
At a later meeting DeValera (rescued) elected president
Collins was Minister for Finance; Markieviec (labour), Griffith (home affairs and vice-president)
The Dail:
• Got control of Local gov.
• Set up their own courts
• Got loans

The War of Independence
Same day of First Dail, Soloheadbeg happened (Breen, Treacy and others). 2 RIC dead, gelignite.
Early stages, RIC main target of guerrilla campaign.
Collins: Director of Intelligence. The Squad. £10,000 reward on his head.
Flying Columns (Tom Barry, Liam Lynch, Ernie O Malley) victories at Kilmichael and Crossbarry.

The British Response
Black and tans
Auxiliaries
Could not cope with guerrilla warfare and carried out reprisals (Cork, Balbriggan, burnings, beatings and murder)
The Government of Ireland Act 1920 offered Home Rule to North and South. Ulster Unionists accepted and Northern Ireland state was formed.

Major incidents of the War of Independence
• Tomás MacCurtain,s murder
• Terence MacSwiney’s 74 day hunger strike
• Bloody Sunday 21st of Nov 1920. 11 agents killed. 12 in Croke park (Michael Hogan).
• Burning of Customs House (80 of Dublin brigade gone)

Peace
People wanted peace. IRA out of ammo and short of men.
Bad publicity for British gov. Costing a lot of money
DeValera and Lloyd George agreed a ceasefire.

Treaty Negotiations
DeV refused to go (Knew a Republic not on offer?)
SF delegation: Collins and Griffith were main Irish negotiators
British reps: Lloyd George (P.M), Churchill, Birkenhead and Chamberlain were experienced
Talks held in London
Irish delegates had to report back to Cabinet
Irish wanted Unity British insisted on loyalty to Crown and Empire
L.G. gave them an ultimatum: sign or face renewal of war

Terms of Treaty
Created a 26 county Irish Free State
Governor General=King’s rep in Ireland
TD’s had to take oath of allegiance to King
British retained 3 Treaty ports for naval use (Cobh, Lough Swilly, Berehaven)
Ireland was a dominion of British Commonwealth = status as Canada
Boundary Commision to look at border between IFS and N. Ireland (Collins and Griffith told by LG that this would make N. Ireland unfeasible as a separate entity)

Treaty Debates
Pro-Treaty: Collins Griffith Cosgrave: ‘The freedom to achieve freedom’, best deal that could be got.
Anti-Treaty: DeV, Stack, Brugha, Markievicz: Betrayal of Republican martyrs, couldn’t accept Oath to King.
Vote: Pro-Treaty 64 Anti-Treaty 57. DeV and his followers walk out: ‘The majority have no right to do wrong’.

6. THE IRISH CIVIL WAR

Divisions
Pro-Treaty (Regulars or Free State Army) V Anti Treaty (Irregulars or Republicans)
Both sides grabbed barracks as the British left
Irregulars took 4 Courts
Collins won election well. When 4 Courts Irregulars took a Regular general, Collins attacked them. He won easily with British artillery.

The Munster Republic
Limerick to Waterford
Collins used ships

Death of Collins and Griffith
August 1922
Griffith had brain haemorrhage
Beal na mBlath
WT Cosgrave and Kevin O Higgins took over

Guerilla Warfare
Did not work well because:
• Free State had support of most people
• They knew the land as well
Great brutality on both sides
April 1923 Liam Lynch killed. Frank Aiken and DeV called a ceasefire

Results
• Death and destruction
• Lost leaders
• Bitterness
• Political Parties

7. CUMANN NA nGAEDHEAL IN POWER 1923-1932

Aims:
• Establish law and order
• Rebuild the economy
• Manage relations with Britain (Anglo-Irish relations)
After the Treaty
• Irish Free State is made up of 26 counties
• Irish Free State is a member (dominion) of the British Commonwealth
• Oireachtas, Dail, Seanad are established
• Oath of Allegiance to King by TDs
• Governor General represents King in Ireland
• British control 3 Treaty ports- Cobh, Lough Swilly, and Berehaven. Important for British security.

Law and Order

• Garda (unarmed) set up
• Courts system is established (District Court, Circuit Court, High Court, Supreme Court)
• Public Safety Act (gives Government wide powers of arrest)
• The Army Mutiny (Old IRA members of army dissatisfied with redundancy and progress to republic). Richard Mulcahy (defence minister) resigned and leaders arrested. Important to control army. O’Higgins sorted it.

The Economy
• Concentration on agriculture (loans to farmers (ACC), better breeding)
• The Shannon Scheme (ESB)
• Sugar industry

Relations with Britain

• The Boundary Commission 1925- no change. Cosgrave signed off on partition. Republican elements unhappy-not using Treaty as a ‘Stepping Stone’.
• IFS joined League of Nations in 1923. British unhappy with this.
• IFS sent diplomats to other countries. British unhappy…they said there was already a Commonwealth representative there.
• 1931 Statute of Westminster (allowed members to change any laws made for them by the British parliament). DeV uses this to good effect.

Reasons for Decline of Cumann na nGaedhael
• Blamed for the failure of the Boundary Commission
• Great Depression caused by Wall St Crash of 1929
• Cut in pay for teachers and garda-unpopular
• Popularity of Fianna Fail- provided good opposition
• People were tired of same faces; they wanted a change after 10 years of CnaG.

8. FIANNA FAIL IN POWER

Dismantling the Treaty
• Used the Statute of Westminster to abolish the Oath
• Got rid of the Governor General (ignored him, boycotted events he was at)
• Removed the king as head of state (during abdication crisis)
• 1937 New Constitution (no mention of King)

The New Constitution (Bunreacht na hEireann)
• The name ‘Taoiseach’ replaced old title of ‘President of Executive Council’
• Douglas Hyde became 1st President
• Articles 2 and 3-said constitution was for 32 counties.
• Special position of Catholic Church recognised
• New name: Eire not Free State

The IRA and the Blueshirts
On taking power DeV released the IRA prisoners who disrupted C na G meetings. He outlawed IRA in 1936 after a number of murders and bank raids.
ACA elected Eoin O Duffy as leader. Blueshirts. Adopted Fascist characteristics (salute, uniform). DeV banned them after planned march on Glasnevin.
Joined with C na G to form Fine Gael. O Duffy was first leader. Unpopular so went to Spanish Civil War.

The Economic War
DeV refused to pay the Land Annuities.
British put tariffs on Irish cattle (20%). Irish put tariffs on British goods (5%). Ireland hardest hit.
Anglo- Irish agreement 1938:
• £10 million compensation paid to Britain to end land annuities
• Free Trade
• 3 Treaty ports returned (Cobh, Lough Swilly, Berehaven)

The Economy
Sean Lemass (Industry and Commerce) put Protectionism in place. Helped infant industry but poor quality goods at high prices.
Irish Sugar and Aer Lingus set up.

The Emergency
Neutral because:
• to show independence
• too weak

Emergency Powers Act:
• Censorship
• Army built up. LDF 250,000 men.

The IRA a danger to neutrality. Some executed, some died on hunger strike and some interned.
German spies. ‘Operation Green’
North Strand 34 dead.
Britain and US did not like our neutrality. Dev rejected their criticisms.

What Lemass (Minister for Supplies) did:
• Irish Shipping
• Rationing
• Turf replaced coal
• The glimmer man

9. 1948 – 1959

Defeat for DeValera because:
• People wanted a change
• Unemployment and emigration

1948 to 1951 The First Inter-Party government.
Fine Gael, Labour and Clan na Poblachta.
Taoiseach was John A Costello. Sean MacBride (external affairs), Noel Browne (Health).
Achievments:
• 1949 Republic
• Marshall Aid built houses and hospitals
• Rural electricification
• Fight against TB
• IDA set up to attract foreign industry to Ireland
• The Mother and Child scheme

1951- 1954 DeValera in power.
Better social welfare but still high unemployment and emigration

1954 – 1957 The Second Inter-Party government
• Joined UN
• Took action against IRA for border attacks (Clan na Poblachta pulled out of the government as a result)

1957-1959
DeV again interned IRA
1959 Dev became President for the next 14 years
Lemass took over as Taoiseach

9. SEAN LEMASS AND THE 1960s

Lemass appointed younger ministers like Lynch, Haughey and Donough O Malley

TK Whittaker drew up the First Programme for Economic Expansion, which:
• Got rid of Protectionism.
• Encouraged exports.
• Grants and tax concessions to attract foreign industry

Lemass met Terence O Neill.
New schools were built.
Free Secondary education introduced
First shopping centres built
Finglas, Ballymun, Ballyfermot etc.were built.
RTE set up
‘Swinging Sixties’
JFK arrived.

10. YEARS OF UNCERTAINTY 1966 –1985.

Jack Lynch as Taoiseach 1966 – 1973
1970 The Arms crisis. Blaney and Haughey and Blaney sacked. Boland resigned in sympathy. Haughey later acquitted.
The campaign to join the EEC. We signed up on the 1st January 1973.

The Coalition government 1973 – 1977
Fine Gael and Labour led by Liam Cosgrave.
Oil crisis led to inflation and unemployment. Taxes increased.
Sunningdale signed by Heath and Cosgrave but the new power-sharing agreement was broken by Unionist opposition
1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings.

1977 – 1981 Fianna Fail returns
‘Give-away election’
1979 Lynch resigned and Haughey took over.

1981 Coalition under Garret Fitzgerald (FG and Lab)
1982 Haughey and FF in power for 10 months

1982 –1987 FG under Fitzgerald
Still inflation, debt, high taxes, emigration and unemployment.
Fitzgerald and Thatcher signed the Anglo-Irish agreement in 1985. It stated that the Republic would have a say in running Northern Ireland..

donaldmz

i was wondering if someone could give me the people in history essay names please
-thank you

positivealf

If anyone wants all the History notes for JC 2013 I have them all on a neatly organised PDF file from Mocks.ie, send me a private message or something with ur email and i can send them to you

cfc.forever

CSPE Notes 2013 I've decided to put up CSPE notes on request

Michael Noonan Minister for Finance
Eamon Gilmore - Tanaiste &Minister for Foreign
Affairs
Ruairi Quinn - Minister for Education and Skills
Brendan Howlin Minister for Public Expenditiure and
Reform
Richard Bruton - Jobs Enterprize and Innovation
Joan Burton - Minister for social protection
Jimmy Dennihan - Arts Heritage &Gaeltacht
Pat Rabbitte - Communications Energy
and Natural Resources
Phil Hogan - Envoirment Community and
Local Government
Alan Shatter - Minister Justice Equality and defence
Simon Coveney - Agriculture, food and marine
James Reily - Health
Leo Varadlar - Transport tourism and sport
Frances Fitzgerald - Children and Youth affairs

There are 43 constituencies in the republic of Ireland.
There are 27 members of the EU currently.
The European Parliament meet in Strasbourg and Brussels
Ireland currently holds the presidency for the EU
What might come up is about Cyprus banking crisis
There was a children referendum this year because the government wanted the consitution changed and people voted yes for it.
The United Kingdom are thinking about opting out of the EU.
Scotland may becoming independent in 2014 as they will have a vote.
The Northern Ireland Parliament meet in Stormount.
The current parties in power are Fine Gael in a coalition with Labour
The current president of Ireland is Michael D Higgins.
The Attorney general has the highest authority in law in Ireland.

Yeah theres a few notes, I would take mind of. Alot of CSPE is using your common sense though, I hope this is beneficial to you

spurious

cfc.forever wrote: »

CSPE Notes 2013 I've decided to put up CSPE notes on request

<snip>
What might come up is about Cyprus banking crisis
<snip>

The papers were set a long time before the Cypriot crisis happened.

cmd15

hey can someone get me revision noted for the merchant of Venice for the JC

Man City 10

Bazinga_N wrote: »

Why Varnish?
Water-resistant

Scratch-resistant

Easily-cleaned

Clear finish enhances the grain of the wood

Resists heat

Stains/coloured varnish are available

Application:
Apply the varnish with a brush/cloth, working with the grain

Cover all surfaces evenly, with no drips/run

When the first coat is applied, allow to dry

Sand lightly between coasts (denib) with very fine sandpaper or fine wire wool

Apply another coat of varnish evenly and leave to dry again

Repeat the process until you have three coats applied.

Do you have any more notes on woodwork

pa limerick

Does anyone have notes on dulce et decorum

chocolate98

i love everyone for putting these notes up
thank u sooooooooo much!!!!!!!!!xox

sarahmg908

anyone have any Home Ec. notes though???!!

Pwee2029

I apologise if giving this link is wrong but I don't see any reasons not to. These are maths notes, honours level. I've used them for my pres and they were useful. There are spider diagrams as well as solutions to sample questions given. They show you each step on how to get the answer.

http://www.cnocmhuiregranard.ie/wordpress/index.php/academia/mr-carrolls-notes/mr-carrolls-notes/1304-2

onlinenerd

Can anyone post any sample A standard english HL sample answers?

Thanks

Cr4pSnip3r

My sample answer for a people in history question,

Ancient Rome

I am a Roman general living in Ancient Rome. The Roman Empire stretches from as far as Hadrian's wall to Jerusalem. I control many legions (5,000 soldiers) who are divided into centuries (100 men). The city of Rome has about 1 million people. The most important buildings are found in the forum. There are courts, temples and large government buildings. I live in a private villa. It has an atrium, with a pool and peristylium. It has many statues of Gods. Mars is very important to me as a general, he is the God of war. Most of the rooms have mosaic floors and murals on the walls. Nearby are the insulae where the lower-class, the plebs live. The insulae are made of wood and are usually between 4 to 6 floors tall. Fires are common.

As the man, I am head of the family while my wife runs the household and directs the slaves. I wear a tunic with a toga when I go to the senate, my wife wears a stola. My sons are preparing to go to school to be in the army or politics. My daughter is learning to run a household for her planned marriage.

I like to go to the public baths to wash. I also enjoy the Circus maximus for chariot races and to the Colosseum for Gladiator fights.

NB: It's not a lot, but I've tried to cram pack facts into it, which is the main thing. I based it off info from a revision book I have, although it's quite similar to their example xD It should be fine.

Dodo Bird

Anyone have notes on Italian or German
Any Samples letters

TtomRedCM

Last 8 years for people in historys
Question 4- People In History
2012
A
Archaeologist
Renaissance Painter OUTSIDE Italy - Pieter Bruegel
Planter who received land
B
Revolutionary leader - George Washington (American Revolution)
A factory/mine owner
Political leader in 1960-1985 - Sean Lemass
2011
A
Person living in a named ancient civilisation OUTSIDE Ireland. - Pleb or Patrician
Monk in Celtic Ireland
Religious Reformer - Martin Luther 
B
Leader on a voyage of Exploration - Christopher Columbus
Irish landowner who lost land in a named plantation
Leader in the struggle for Irish independence, 1900-1921. - Michael Collins
2010
A
Archaeologist
Lord or Lady of a medieval castle.
Planter who received land
B
Revolutionary Leader - George Washington (American Revolution)
Farm labourer during the Agricultural Revolution.
Named leader during Cold War Crisis - John F Kennedy (Cuban Missile Crisis)
2009
A
Person living in a named ancient civilisation OUTSIDE Ireland. - Pleb or Patrician
Monk in Celtic Ireland
Renaissance Painter OUTSIDE Italy - Pieter Bruegel 
B
Leader on a voyage of Exploration - Christopher Columbus
A factory/mine owner
Person living in Southern/Northern Ireland during Emergency, 1939-45.

2008
A
Person living in ancient (pre-Christian) Ireland.
Lord or lady of a medieval castle.
Religious Reformer - Martin Luther
B
Planter who received land
German soldier in Operation Barbarossa (June 1941) or British or American soldier who took part in D-Day (June 1944).
Political leader in 1960-1985 - Sean Lemass
2007
A
Archaeologist
Monk in Celtic Ireland
Serf on medieval manor.
B
Renaissance Artist - Leonardo da Vinci
Mine/Factory worker
Leader in the struggle for Irish independence, 1900-1923 - Michael Collins
2006
A
Person living in a named ancient civilisation OUTSIDE Ireland. - Pleb or Patrician
Sailor on voyage of exploration
Planter who received land
B
Revolutionary Leader - George Washington (American Revolution)
Farm labourer during the Agricultural Revolution.
Named leader during Cold War Crisis - John F Kennedy (Cuban Missile Crisis)
2005
A
A person in ancient Ireland.
A monk in an early Irish monastery.
A knight living in a medieval castle.
B
Revolutionary Leader - George Washington (American Revolution)
Factory/mine owner
Leader in the struggle for Irish independence, 1900-1923 - Michael Collins or  Person living in Northern Ireland during Emergency  
2004
A
Archaeologist
Person living in a named ancient civilisation OUTSIDE Ireland. - Pleb or Patrician
Renaissance artist - Leonardo da Vinci
B
Planter who received land
Old person describing changes that have occurred in communications in Ireland since 1945
News reporter describing a major event during the Cold War, 1945-1963.

TtomRedCM

Martin Luther- A Reformer
Born in Saxony, Germany 1483.
Teacher at University of Wittenburg for Theology
Studied bible - way for sinners to get into Heaven
Answer was ‘Justification by faith alone’
Against sale of Indulgences, wrote list of arguments- 95 Theses, nailed to Wittenburg Church door.
Printing Press- made pamphlets highlighting Arguments- distributed easily
He was called a Herotic for going against teachings of the Church
Duke of Saxony- called for Pope to send someone to argue Luther Beliefs- caused Luther to grow further apart
In 1519- Claimed ‘The Authority of the Bible was greater than that of the Pope’
Pope threatened to excommunicate- Issued Papal Bull (Exurge Domini) warned to back down
Luther reacts by burning in Public- Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther
Charles V calls a Diet (Meeting) in Worms - Luther told to recant but refuses
Declared an Outlaw by the Order of Worms
Brought to the Castle of Wartburg by Frederick the Wise
Luther spends year in Wartburg- Translates Bible into German
Luther marries Katherina von Bora- Has 6 Children
Dies in 1546 in Saxony

Christopher Columbus- An Explorer
Born in Genoa, Italy 1451.
Dreamed being Sailor in Youth- Influenced by Travels of Marco Polo to China
Convinced World was round- decided would travel West to reach China
Looked for sponsorship- Got support from Queen Isabella -Spain
3 Ships set sail from Port Palos, Spain in August 1492
Columbus on flagship - Santa Maria, other 2 were Nina & Pinta.
First stop in Canary Islands for food and repairs
September 1492, 3 ships sailed west in Atlantic.
October 1492, 3 ships reached land, named it San Salvador - Called Natives ‘Indians’
Santa Maria sank- timber used to build fort on island called Hispaniola
March 1493, Columbus returns to Spain to Hero’s Welcome.
Columbus made 3 more voyages to New World, ended career in shame, for treating natives with cruelty and got arrested.
Dies in Valladolid, Spain 1506.

Sean Lemass- Political Leader in Republic of Ireland during 1960-1985
Born in Dublin, Ireland 1899.
fought in the 1916 Rising & fight for Independence
1926- One of the Founding members of Fianna Fail with Eamon de Valera & Sean T O’Kelly
Minister for Industry and Commerce in first Fianna Fail government of 1932
During The Emergency served as Minister for Supplies- In charge of Rationing & Prices
1959- Appointed as Taoiseach of Ireland and Leader of Fianna Fail- due to retirement of de Valera
Primary goal- modernise Ireland and create jobs through foreign investment.
In favour of IDA (Irish Development Agency) giving grants to foreign companies to set up in Ireland
Lemass supported idea of Irish troops serving on UN Missions
1962 - Supported the set up of a national TV Station- RTE
First Leader to hold meetings with Prime Minister of Northern Ireland as he was interested in Promoting co-operation between North & South through Ecomony & Tourism
Died in Dublin, Ireland 1971

Michael Collins- A Leader in the Struggle for Independence 1900-1921
Born in Cork, Ireland 1890.
Emigrated to London- worked in Post Office & Bank.
Joined the Irish Volunteers, returned to Ireland in 1916, fought in GPO in 1916 Rising
After defeat, arrested, sent to prison camp in England and became a leader.
After return to Ireland, organised Irish Volunteers, became member of Sinn Féin (led by Eamon de Velara)
1919, Collins elected to First Dáil, forced to meet secret locations as it was illegal.
Cathal Brugha and Collins set up IRA, began attacking RIC barracks in Ireland.
Collins came up with new fighting method- Guerilla warfare
Flying Colums used Guerilla Warfare to attack the British Army called the Black & Tans.
Black & Tans retaliated by burning down towns and arresting large number of people
Cork burnt down after ambush on the British by IRA in Kilmichael, Cork
Collins organised a group of 12 Assassins called ‘The Twelve Apostles’
He set up a network of spies throughout Ireland.
November 1920- Bloody Sunday, 12 spectators of GAA match shot dead as a result of 14 British agents being shot dead.
July 1921- truce called between IRA and British Government
October 1921- Anglo-Irish Treaty signed between Ireland and Britain, Griffin & Collins signed for Ireland
Huge Split in Ireland was result of treaty, led to Civil War
Dies in Béal na Bláth, Cork 1922.

A Person living in Sourthern Ireland during the Emergency
1939- War broke out in Europe
Irish Government of Eamon de Valera decided on Policy of neutrality
Emergency Powers Act brought in to keep Neutrality
New powers to the Government included Internment, Censorship of the Press, Correspondence & the government control on the economy
Sean Lemass- Minister for Supplies introduced strict price controls and rationing of tea, sugar flour, petrol and gas.
A huge increase in amount of Turf produced
The train from Dublin to Cork used turf as fuel and the journey time increased a lot.
In Dublin, gas was rationed strictly and inspectors called ‘Glimmer Men’ checked if people obeyed the rules
The papers used very strict censorship and so did the radio
There were no weather reports during the Emergency
The LDF (Local Defence Force) was introduced as a reserve army
Special forts were built along the coast to report anything supicious
Even though Ireland was neutral, many Irish men & women left Ireland to join the Ally Army and work in ammunition factories in Britain.
Over 30 People were killed when the Germans bombed the North Strand in Dublin by a mistake.
The Emergency ended in Ireland after the War ended in 1945

George Washington- Leader in Revolution
Born in Virginia, America 1732.
His family were wealthy farmers- grew tobacco & owned slaves
Began career as soldier in Colonial Army, trained by British and became Officer
Fought against Indians & French, became Commander of Virginia Troops
Left army and returned to farm and began to dislike England
Elected to Virginia Assembly
Disliked Stamp Act & Angered with the Boston Massacre - British troops opened fired on protesters
Became member of Continental Congress - held meetings in Philadelphia, each of the 13 colonies sent reps
1775- Continental Army formed, Washington made Commander
1776- Declaration of Independence issued, resulted in war between Colonial Army & British (Redcoats)
The Colonial army knew countryside well but were part-time soldiers
British way better equipped but had to travel long distances.
Early victories were for the British in New York & Philadelphia
The Colonial Army forced to spend Winter at Valley Forge- many soldiers died
1778- French troops, arms and navy arrived to provide help for Americans as French leaders admired Washington
Defeat for British at the Battle of Yorktown & British were forced to surrender
Peace talks took place in Paris- America declared Republic.
New American constitution drawn up & Senate & Congress formed.
Washington elected President served for 8 years
Died in Virgina, America 1799

John F. Kennedy- Leader during Cold War crisis (Cuban Missile Crisis)
Born in Massachusetts, America 1917
1961- Elected as President
Totally opposed to Communism
1963- Major Cold War crisis erupted involving Cuba- close to mainland USA
Early 1960s, Cuba became a Communist state led by Fidel Castro
Cuba developed ties with USSR-caused problems for JFK
US Military advisors planned invasion on Cuba involving Cuban exiles living in US
Took place at Bay of Pigs- complete disaster for US
As result Castro began to develop even closer economic & military links with USSR & leader Khrushchev
1962- US U2 (unmanned aircrafts) planes took photos of missile launch site in Cuba
Caused mass panic in US
Ships from USSR heading towards Cuba carried what looked like missile parts
JFK came under pressure with military advisors who wanted to bomb missile site & naval blockade around Cuba
JFK ordered blockade to prevent these ships from reaching Cuba
Created very tense situation- many believed Nuclear war was near
After a few days- both sides backed down and a deal was made
Phone line established between White House and Kremlin.
Died in Dallas, Texas 1963

Jack_OLantern

Closed ac wrote: »

Sample answer on "An tÁdh" le Padraig Ó Conaire:

Bas nó brón
(i) Is é an gearrscéal a roghnaigh mé ná An tÁdh le Pádraig Ó Conaire agus is é an téama a roghnaigh mé ná An Bás.
(ii) Bhí an scéalaí, Pádraig, agus a bheirt chairde Séamas agus Micilín i bhfolach mar nach raibh siad ag iarraidh aon obair a dhéanamh. Bhí Pádraig ag iarrraidh dul ag bádóireacht ach ní raibh an bheirt eile sásta mar go bhfuair siad léasadh an uair dheireanach a thóg siad bád amach gan cead mar go raibh sé chomh dáinséarach sin.
Bhí plean ag Pádraig, áfach. Dúirt sé go raibh Tom Beag ag dul go dtí margadh muc i nGarumna an lá sin agus gur cheart dóibh dul i ngan fhios do Tom. Bheartaigh siad dul i bhfolach sna málaí muc. Bheadh ar dhuine amháin fanacht chun a rá le Tom go raibh dhá mhuc eile sa bhád. Cé go raibh sé dáinsearach ní raibh aon duine sásta fanacht mar go raibh an triúr acu ag iarraidh dul amach sa bhád. Mar sin chuir siad ar chrannaibh é. Bhí ar an duine a tharraing an tráithnín ab fhaide fanacht. Fuair Pádraig an ceann ab fhaide agus bhí an-bhrón air.
Léim na buachaillí eile sa bhád. Tháinig Tom agus cúigear eile in éineacht leis. Rinne Pádraig iarracht dul ar bord i ngan fhios dóibh ach theip air. D’imigh an bád agus d’fhan Pádraig ag féachaint ar an mbád agus é éadmhar. Shuigh sé síos ar chloch agus thit sé ina chodladh ag smaoineamh ar an spórt is spraoi a bheadh ag Séamas agus Micilín.
Bhí an oíche ann nuair a dhúisigh sé. Agus é ar a shlí abhaile bhuail sé leis an máistir scoile agus máthair Mhicilín. Bhí siad ar thóir na mbuachaillí. D’inis Pádraig dóibh cá raibh na buachaillí eile. Thosaigh máthair Mhicilín ag caoineadh agus bhí ionadh ar Phádraig. Nuair a shroich sé a theach féin bhí a chlann ar fad agus athair Shéamais ag fanacht leis. D’inis sé a scéal arís agus d’fhág athair Shéamais gan focal a rá.
Ansin dúirt a mháthair leis go raibh an t-ádh leis mar go ndeachaigh an bád go tóin poill le Séamas agus Micilín ar bord. Nuair a chuala Pádraig go bhfuair na buachailí eile bás thuig sé go raibh tuismitheoirí an bheirt eile faoi ghruaim agus go raibh an t-ádh dearg leis agus lena theaghlach.

What does Bas mean? Is it like sadness? Also, is this essay generic, and will you lose marks for it? Thanks.

MmmPancakes

Jack_OLantern wrote: »

What does Bas mean? Is it like sadness? Also, is this essay generic, and will you lose marks for it? Thanks.

Pretty sure bás = death, as a theme anyways

Jack_OLantern

MmmPancakes wrote: »

Pretty sure bás = death, as a theme anyways

Well, that won't help for Spás anyways!

StudyBuddy

Geography - Restless Atmosphere

Atmosphere: A blanket of air surrounding the earth. The atmosphere is made up of several different gases, nitrogen, oxygen and other gases.
Importance:
• Provides us with air to breathe
• Absorbs heat from the sun during the day
• Retains heat at night
• Protects us from harmful rays

Troposphere: Bottom layer of the atmosphere, it hold most of the earths gases and water vapour. Resulting in weather forms there.

SUN
Sun:
==> 25% is reflected by cloud and dust in the atmosphere.
==> 25% is absorbed by the atmosphere.
==> 50% is absorbed by the earths land and oceans.
The amount of sun that an area recives depends where they are on the earth in latitude and the tilt on the earths axis. Places near the equator are warmest than places near the poles because they have lower latitudes. If the rays have less area to cover more solar energy will be concerntrated on a certain area.

Summer in the Northern Hemisphere= The earth is tilted towards the sun. Days are longer and nights are short. The weather is warmer
Winter in the Northern Hemisphere= The earth is tilted away from the sun. Days are short and nights are long. The weather is colder.

WINDS
Wind: The troposphere is always moving, the moving air is caled wind. The faster it moves the more wind there is. As te wind moves it brings heat, hot and cold.
Formation:
• Sun heats different parts of the earth unequally.
• As air is heated it expands and gets lighter, rising and creating Low atmospheric Pressure.
• As air is cooled it gets heavier and descends and presses down on the earth creating High atmospheric Pressure.
• Air goes from high to low pressure.

• Wind is named by the direction they come from.
• The most frequent wind is called prevailing wind.
• Wind from the equator are warm and winds from the poles are cold.

Global Wind Patterns
As air blows from high to low pressure it creates a global wind pattern. Each hemisphere is divided into 3 wind belts.
Formation of Northern Hemisphere Wind Belts:
1. Near the equator wind is warm and rises creating LP.
2. Air moves north and cools.
3. Becomes heavier (at approx. 30°N) and falls creating HP.
4. Cool air blows away from HP and replaces rising air.
5. The cool airs rushes to 60°N and the equator creating a belt.
Coriolis effect: The pressure tends to push the air in straight lines, but becuase the earth spins on its axis it changes the directions. Winds are pushed to the right of their direction on the northern hem. and pushed to the left on the southern hem, creating the Coriolis effect.
Doldrums: Are areas close to the equator that has little or no winds.

CURRENTS
Ocean Currents: The ocean surface moves in a regular pattern creating currents. They are like rivers flowing through the ocean.
Results from:
• Unequal heating of the earth ⇒ ocean water expands due to heat, creating a slight slope, waters flows down and by the time ot reaches the poles it is so cold it sinks.
• Prevailing winds ⇒ creates friction when it blows over the ocean dragging water along and roughly following the pattern.
• The earths rotation ⇒ causes currents to move to the right on the northern hemisphere. Creating a clockwise pattern to develop in the north atlantic currents.
Impacts= it effects the climate, the transfer of heat around the globe and brings warm currents from the equator.

AIR MASSES
Air masses: are large bodies of air that have similar temp, pressure and moisture.
==> Maritime air masses bring rain
==> Continental air masses are dry
==> Polar air masses are cold
==> Tropical air masses are warm

Fronts: a boundary between two air masses.
Cold Front= occurs whena cold air mass pushes and replaces a warm air mass, forcing it to rise rapidly. As the mass rises it cools and condenses, developing clouds and bringing heavy rain and the front.
Warm Front= occurs when a warm air mass meets a cold air mass. It rises above the cold air mass and cools and condenses, forming dark clouds, bringing continous rainfall.

Depressions
An area of low pressure and brings unsetted weather eg. Rain, cloud and wind. Atlanic depressions warm, moist tropical air from the south meets colder, drier polar air from the north. The different air masses don’t mix well so warm air rises and creates and area of low pressure. The air begins to move anti-clockwise and wraps around the warm air creating a warm sector. It eventually lifts the warm air off the ground ending the depression.
Anti-cyclones
An air mass of high pressure. There is no fronts in an anticyclone. Anit-cyclones bring settled weather eg. Clear, cloudless skies. In the winter is brings cold and frosty weather and in the summer hot and sunny weather. Winds in an anti-cyclone go in a clockwise direction in the Northern hemisphere.

WATER
Water: is a renewable and natural resource, essential for life. Less than 3% of earths water in fresh water.
Clouds: When water vapour in the air cools and condenses, forming tiny water droplets when billions of droplets join they become visible and creates a cloud. Cloudsare grouped by shape and height. The three main types are: Cirrus, Cumulus and Stratus.
Precipitation: Rainfall is the most common type of rainfall, there are three types of rainfall, relief, cyclonic and convectional rainfall.

WEATHER
Weather: the state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place. Conditions change daily, over short distances.
Elements: Weather study is meteorology. It involves measuring:
• Temperature
• Atmospheric pressure
• Humidity
• Wind speed and direction
• Precipitation
• Sunshine
Preparing the forecast:
1. Collect info from elements eg. Ground, air, sea
2. Transfer data to Met Éireann headquaters
3. Process info using computers and meteorologists
4. Forecast is put into maps and charts
5. Forecast become available to media

positivealf

climate, weather an economic activities please

examstress

Anybody have a case study for economic inequality for Geog. ?;)