The Battle of Aughrim on the original 12 July 1691

P. Breathnach wrote: »

I think it might be a mistake to judge one battle more important than the other. And I think the casualty count does not tell us much about the significance of a battle.

Fratton Fred wrote: »

but of course, no one in the world has ever suffered as much as the Irish have......:rolleyes:

[FONT=Arial,Helvetica] [SIZE=+2]1573[/SIZE]
The Sejm guarantees religious equality. Roman Catholics, Jews, Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Muslims all live together in Poland in peace.
[SIZE=+2]1596-1609[/SIZE]
Poland's capital city is moved from Krakow to Warsaw.
[SIZE=+2]1655-60 [/SIZE]
Known as the Deluge, Sweden invades Poland with the help of the Tartars and Cossacks from the East. Poland is virtually destoyed as cities are burned and plundered. A population of 10 million is reduced to 6 million due to the wars, famine, and the bubonic plauge.
[SIZE=+2]1674-96[/SIZE]
This period is the reign of Jan III Sobieski, an excellent military commander. Sobieski's forces have many victories over the Turks.
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Poland's three powerful neighbors, Russia, Prussia and Austria, each want to own Poland. This was all but impossible without risking war with each other. They finally settled their dispute by dividing Poland among themselves in a series of agreements called the Three Partitions of Poland.
[SIZE=+2]1791[/SIZE]
After the First Partition leads to some reforms, a constitution is passed, called the Constitution of the Third of May. It is the second written document that outlines the responsibilities of the Government (the U.S. Constitution is the first). Catherine the Great of Russia invades Poland to break up the newfound democracy.
[SIZE=+2]1793[/SIZE]
During the Second Partition, Russia and Prussia take over half of what was left of Poland.
[SIZE=+2]1794[/SIZE]
Tadeusz Kosciuszko, the famous general who helped win the American Revolution, starts a rebellion for Polish independence, but it is not strong enough to defeat the Russians.
[SIZE=+2]1795[/SIZE]
The Third Partition divides the rest of Poland. Poland is "officially" non-existent for the next 123 years.



http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~polwgw/history.html

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[FONT=Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif][SIZE=+1]William III, Prince of Orange, King of England (1650-1702) [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif] [/FONT] [FONT=Trebuchet MS,Trebuchet,Times,Times New Roman,serif] [/FONT]
[FONT=Trebuchet MS,Trebuchet,Times,Times New Roman,serif]Speculations about William III's sexuality have been countered by his English and American biographers, who have been unwilling to entertain the idea that a man of his nobility of character and special historical significance could have loved other men. Dutch writers on the other hand have been much more willing to accept the evidence that William was, indeed, bisexual. [/FONT]
[FONT=Trebuchet MS,Trebuchet,Times,Times New Roman,serif] William was born at the Hague in 1650, the posthumous son of William II, who died a few days before he was born, and Mary Stuart, daughter of the late King Charles I of England, who had been deposed by English Parliamentarians. William was thus an important figure in European politics from the day of his birth, since he not only inherited his Dutch titles, but was fourth in line to inherit the British throne should it be restored.
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His claim to the British throne was reinforced in 1677, when he married the daughter of James, Duke of York, who was to succeed to the British monarchy in 1685.
William III acceded to the British throne when the English ousted James II in the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688. He and his wife, Mary II, ruled together until her death in 1694. After her death, he ruled alone until he died in 1702. The couple was childless, so he was succeeded by Mary's sister Anne.
As "stadholder" (military commander) of the Dutch Republic, William had opposed the aggressions of Louis XIV that threatened the Netherlands and neighboring states. For this he was hailed by the Dutch as the "Redeemer of the Fatherland."
When he brought England into the coalition against France he became the acknowledged champion of Protestant Europe. It is this preeminence as an international hero that has made it hard for Anglophone admirers to candidly assess William's sexual orientation.
William had close and affectionate relations with two notable favorites, William Bentinck, whom he brought to England and made Earl of Portland, and a handsome younger Dutchman, Arnold van Keppel, whom he created Earl of Albemarle.
A spate of political satires accusing William of intimate relations with both men circulated during his reign. These scurrilous poems are quite explicit in their allegations, and are obviously the work of Tory partisans who favored James. For this reason they have been discounted by William's defenders.
One satire begins: "For the case, Sir, is such, / That the people think much, / That your love is Italian, your government Dutch. / Ah! Who would have thought that a Low-Country Stallion, / and a Protestant Prince should prove an Italian?" (Italy was the country most notably associated with sodomy in the seventeenth century.) Jonathan Swift also referred to William's "infamous pleasures" with Keppel in a manuscript note. All this has, however, been dismissed as the malicious gossip of Tory enemies.
Nevertheless, rumors were also rife among those favorable to the king. These include the redoubtable "Madame," Duchess of Orléans, who was married to France's most flamboyantly conspicuous homosexual, "Monsieur," and whose correspondence makes up a veritable encyclopedia of homosexuality in that country and England. Her letters are admiring of the king but speak repeatedly of "men who share King William's inclinations."
Rumors also circulated in the Dutch army, which was fanatically loyal to the house of Orange.
Most telling, however, are the remarks of Bishop Gilbert Burnet, who praised William unstintingly as "a person raised up by God to resist the power of France and the progress of tyranny and persecution." Yet in considering matters that might make it difficult for William to assume the English throne, Burnet refers to one "particular . . . too tender to be put in writing," which under the circumstances can only be interpreted as a reference to William's sexual nature.
To nineteenth-century liberal historians such as Thomas Macaulay, William III ranked as one of England's greatest kings for his fostering of religious and political liberty and for his leadership of the European nations who fought Louis XIV.



http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/william_III.html

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MarchDub wrote: »

History throws up many strange bedfellows.

Francis Gore
d. Feb 1712/13
Pedigree Francis Gore was the son of Paul Gore and Isabella Wycliffe. He married Anne Parke, daughter of Robert Parke. He died in February 1712/13.
Sir Paul's son, Sir Francis of Ardtermon, was the direct ancestor of the present
Gore-Booth family of Lissadell. Sir Francis co-operated with the Cromwellians, yet
reconciled himself with the Royalists and was granted land at the Restoration. He
was elected M.P. for Co. Sligo in 1661. He married Anne Parke, surviving daughter
and heiress of Capt. Robert Parke of Newtown Manor or Castle, alias Parke's
Castle, just across the country boundary into Leitrim. She died in 1671, having
borne Sir Francis nine sons and four daughters.

http://virts.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~truax/smith-p/p29.htm

The Parents

Thomas Fitzgerald, 18th Knight of Glin

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Thomas Fitzgerald, 18th Knight of Glin, locally known as Tomas Geancach (Thomas Snub-Nosed) was born c. 1675 - 1680, the eldest son of Gerald (17th) Knight of Glin and his wife, Joan O'Brien, one of the daughters of Donough O'Brien, a prince of Thomond, from CarrigoGlinnell Castle, Co. Limerick. Gerald, known as the Knight of the Horses, was killed fighting for James 11 at the second battle of Windmill Hill after the Siege of Derry on the 10th May 1689. (13) By adroit legalistic manoeuvrings, Gerald, by a deed of settlement (5th December 1672) left all his lands to his wife, Joan, who after the Williamite wars, was left in undisturbed possession of Glin,(14) As a result no Williamite received a grant of them, (15) nor were they included in the return made by the inquiry commissioners in 1699. (16)

One of the most striking portraits at present day Glin Castle depicts Thomas Snub-Nosed (Cf. Fig. 1) In this, the first known portrait of the family (dated c. 1710) Thomas appears in his large wig and "has a remarkably sly expression",(16a) almost vulpine. He was foxy in appearance and in his dealings - a man of acuity with a quick temper when provoked. He had to be 'as there were rapacious people about, only too eager to annex portions of his estates had the opportunity arisen. Thomas may not have reached his 21st year when his father was killed. Like Gerald, Thomas was a Jacobite supporter but was probably too young to have played an active part in the war of the two kings. Following the capitulation of Limerick (1691) the position of known supporters of James 11, such as the Fitzgeralds, was precarious.

However, on the 12th March 1701 Thomas re-established his claims over the estate and the portions deemed to have been forfeited at an inquisition of July. 1696, for himself and his family, when a claim was entered on his behalf and on behalf of his siblings with the Trustees at Chichester House, Dublin (no. 1656) by their guardian, Jeremy Donovan. (17) This claim was originally 'Dismist for non-proof (18) but 'Allowed and Referred' (19) before the end of 1700. Thomas married (probably before 1700) Mary Fitzgerald (Cf. Fig. 2) daughter and co-heiress of Edmund Fitzgerald of Castlemartyr, Co. Cork and his first wife, Catherine Burke of Cahirmoyle, Co. Limerick, who died young. Mary Fitzgerald had a younger brother John who "was born around 1687". (20) So Mary must have been born circa 1685/6.

Mary was a fascinating person in her own right and much loved by the poets and people for her great generosity. Her portrait (cf. Fig. 2) painted c. 1710 shows a very handsome woman with long flowing hair and delicious orbs' (mammary glands) as the 18th century phrase had it. Mary and her brother John through their mother, were also heirs-at-law to John and Nicholas Bourke of Cahirmoyle, Co. Limerick and thus she was a very wealthy lady, on paper at least and had great expectations 'though at the time she made her will (1753) she was still 'entitled to a considerable sum of money' (21) from Castlemartyr and Ballinacurra, Co. Cork as well as from Cahirmoyle, Co. Limerick. After her mother's early death, her father re-married Alice Dillon by whom he had two daughters, living in 1700. (22)

http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/big-houses-of-ireland/glin-castle-co.-limerick/the-four-brothers/the-parents/

The original William Masters was a clerical officer of the Hollow Swords Blade Company who was involved in the sale of the tenancies in 1703. He “purchased” the Carrignacurra estate from Keadagh O’Leary who was acting on behalf of the O’Leary Merigah under-age family. William built Castlemasters House alongside the Castle and moved into it in 1723.

In 1687, the Assembly of New York was dissolved by the king, and in 1688 Andros was appointed Governor of the consolidated Provinces of New York and New England. Dongan refused command of a regiment with the rank of major-general, retired to his estate on Staten Island, New York, but was obliged to flee for safety in the religious persecution aroused by Lesler in 1689. In 1691 he returned to England. By the death of his brother William (1698), late Governor of the Province of Munster, Ireland, whose only son, Colonel Walter, Lord Dongan, was killed at the battle of the Boyne, Dongan became Earl of Limerick. In 1702 he was recognized as successor to his brother's estates, but only on payment of claims of the purchasers from the Earl of Athlone. Dongan died poor and without direct heirs. By will, dated 1713, he provided that he be buried at an expense of not over £100, and left the residue of his estate to his niece, wife of Colonel Nugent, afterwards Marshal of France. The tribute of history to his personal charm, his integrity, and character, is outspoken and universal. His public papers give evidence of a keen mind and a sense of humour. He was a man of courage, tact, and capacity, an able diplomat, and a statesman of prudence and remarkable foresight. In spite the brief term of five years as Governor of New York Province, by virtue of the magnitude, of the enduring and far-reaching character of his achievements, he stands forth as one of the greatest constructive statesmen ever sent out by England for the government of any of her American colonial possessions.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05130a.htm

MarchDub wrote: »

Oh dear - sorry for spreading more rumours about William. :pac:

The accession of James II gave new life to Catholic aspirations. Matthew, the 7th Baron Louth, joined the Jacobite cause in 1689 and commanded an infantry regiment at the siege of Derry. He was outlawed and exiled, and died in September 1689. Thomas, his second son, who had been sent to France for his education, returned and took part in the Jacobite campaigns, and was at Derry, the Boyne, Limerick, Aughrim and again at Limerick for the surrender, after which he sailed with Sarsfield for the continent. He had been indicted and outlawed after the Battle of the Boyne, and after the war ended he was indicted for high treason committed ‘in parts beyond the sea’. He remained in the service of France for many years but returned to Louth Hall where he made a will in 1732 and died soon after. His son Matthew was a captain in the Austrian Imperial infantry.
The 8th Baron Louth, Oliver, was only twenty-one when he succeeded to the title in 1689. Like his brother, he joined the Jacobite forces and was outlawed, and was in Limerick at the surrender in 1691. He was pardoned under the Articles of Limerick. He was made secure in his estates without much trouble and intended to resume his hereditary place in the Irish House of Lords. But he was prevented from taking his seat on the grounds that he had not proved the reversal of his grandfather’s outlawry for rebellion in 1641. Eventually, the question of outlawry was resolved and he was summoned to the House of Lords. In October 1695 Lord Louth took the oath of fidelity. But he refused to take both the oath of royal supremacy over the church and a declaration against Catholic religious practices and beliefs, and was ordered to withdraw. Attitudes towards Catholics hardened from the late 1690s under the Popery Acts, and it was another hundred years before a holder of the Louth title was permitted to sit in the House of Lords.
During the period of the Penal Laws, life was made hard for landowning Catholics. Like several other Catholic landowners in county Louth, the Plunketts changed their religion in the early 1700s. Matthew, the 9th Baron Louth (1698-1754), was a minor when his father Oliver died in November 1707. Eighteen months later he was brought to England and was put under the guardianship of Matthew Aylmer, a first cousin of his grandfather, and a convert to Protestantism. Matthew, the heir to the Louth title, was a sickly child, but grew up to marry an Englishwoman, father an heir and settle in Louth Hall. His guardian, Aylmer, saw that he was educated in the Protestant religion. Aylmer unsuccessfully petitioned Queen Anne on Matthew’s behalf seeking that the minor be restored to all the family’s honours. Matthew remained a Protestant and his descendents were members of the Church of Ireland for many generations. But in the nineteenth century the family returned to the Catholic faith and Randal Percy Otway, the 13th Baron, was received into the Catholic Church on 6 December 1867.
Thomas Oliver, the 11th Baron Louth (1757-1823), had the outlawry of his great grandfather annulled, and took his seat in the House of Lords in 1798. His son, also Thomas Oliver, born in 1809, became the 12th Baron Louth. He died in 1849. After their involvement in the wars of the seventeenth century, none of the Plunketts of Tallanstown were prominent in national affairs.

http://www.nli.ie/pdfs/mss%20lists/louth.pdf

dubhthach wrote: »

Battle of Tara in 980 was probably more important then clontarf. .

In comparison all french records from time (10k french troops were at the Boyne) have the date of the Battle as the 11th of July!

dubhthach wrote: »

Well they were Louis XIV contribution to the war, after all Ireland was just one theatre of a pan-European war. When they arrived 10k Irish troops had to go to France to replace them (this in early 1690), these formed the core of the Irish brigade which later rapidly expanded after the surrender of Limerick in 1691 (when the Jacobite army was allowed to sail to France -- 15k men)

dubhthach wrote: »

French of course, my point was that the French troops that arrived in Ireland in late 1689/early 1690 were in exchange for the equivalent number of Irish troops who were sent to France at the same time (early 1690). .