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Notes etc. - Do not post copyright material

bluejay14

So we've been saying this for a while now that we should start a thread to put notes/phrases etc.I finally took it upon myself to start one seeing as we've been putting up a lot of notes here and there on different things so it's time to get them all together in one place beause I will never be able to find them come June.

So just throw up anything that you think will be useful on any of the JC subjects; English, Irish, French, religion, business, geography, whatever.

It's also another reason to be on boards - what it is study:p.

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Gaeilge-go-deo

AtomicDictator wrote: »

Meine Schule
Meine schule heist _____ ==>My school is called ______
Es ist eine Gesamtschule ==>It is a comprehensive school
Es ist eine gemischte Schule mit ungefahr (X) Schülern und (Y) Lehrerin ==> It is a mixed school with about (X number of) pupils and (Y number of) teachers.
Die Schule beginnt um funf vor neun täglich ==> The school begins at around 5 to 9 daily
Die erste Stunde beginnt um neun Uhr ==>The first period begins at 9 o’clock
Eine Stunde dauert vierzig minuten ==> A class lasts 40 minutes
Ich become immer schlecht/gute Noten ==> I get terrible/good grades (test scores)
Mein Lieblingsfach ist ____ ==> My favourite subject is _____
Ich finde die Uniform furchtbar ==> I find the uniform horrible
Es ist unbequem und altmodisch ==> It is uncomfortable and old-fashioned
Wir tragen ein Uniform ==> We wear a uniform
Wir haben zwei Pauzen täglich ==> We have two breaks every day
Die erste Pauze dauert 15 Minuten und die zweite Pauze dauert 30 Minuten ==> The first break lasts 15 minutes and the second break lasts 30 minutes.

Fächer (Subjects)
Irisch ==> Irish
Englisch ==> English
Geschichte ==> History
Erdkunde ==> Geography
Mathematik ==> Maths
Naturnwischenschaften ==> Science (All three sciences)
Deutsch ==> German
Technikal Graphik ==> Technical Graphics

German looks rotten .. :O how do you learn how to spell those words :L
Naturnwischenschaften-German
La science - French
lol

Closed ac

- In the parables Jesus tells people what the kingdom of God is like; in the miracles he shows people the kingdom of God among them - Mark Link

Outline what is revealed about the kingdom of God in one parable and one miracle you have studied.

- The Good Samaritan (Parable):

This is the story of how a Samaritan traveller cares for a Jewish man whom he finds unconscious by the roadside. The injured man has been viciously attacked, robbed and left for dead. The Samaritan tends to his wounds and pays for him to be nursed back to health. The Samaritans were a people who lived in Samaria, the land between Judaea in the south of Palestine and Galilee in the north. Jews travelling between Judaea and Galilee would usually go across the easy bank of the river Jordan to avoid contact with the Samaritans. Samaritans were descended from Jews who had married foreigners and there had been a quarrel between pure Jews and Samaritans for centuries. The Samaritans built their own temple and had their own version of the Tenakh. By the time of Jesus, most Jews despised the Samaritans and had nothing to do with them. Jesus shocked his Jewish listeners by making a Samaritan the hero of the story, but he did s to make an important point about the kingdom of God. There is no place for racial or religious hatred in God's kingdom. The neightbour whom God requires each person to love is anyone in need. God invites everyone to share in the kingdom of God on earth and does not discriminate anyone. He is loving and caring of all people.

- Jesus heals a leper (Miracle):

In Luke 5:12-14 Jesus not only healed a man afflicted by leprosy but actually touched him. Lepers were social outcasts who were ordered to keep apart from other people because their disease was so contagious. Jesus did something that no one else would have dared to do. He showed that while people may have rejected this man because of his illness, God had not. Jesus' actions revealed the love of God reaching out to and embracing people were were abandoned and suffering. Jesus wanted those who were sick to know that God loves and cares for him. Also, Jesus made it known that his ability to perform miracles came directly from God and that these miracles were a sign that the kingdom of God was present and at work in the world.

Closed ac

- Religions try to provide answers to the questions people ask in the search for meaning in life

State one such question and outline the answer one of the following world religions might give to this question: Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism.

- Judaism: How did the world begin?

A Jewish view on the origin of the world and life on Earth is contained in the story of Creation in the Book of Genesis. Genesis is not a secientific account of how the world began. It is a religious account explaining why the world came to be. The world was created out of the goodness and love of God.

In the story, God created the world, day and night, land and sea, plants and trees, animals and man and woman in six days and then rested on the seventh day. The writers of Genesis were not scientists but religious Jews who used poetic language to convey important religious truths such as: God created the world, God's world is created by design, God's world is good and God created human beings, the high point of creation.

The Jewish religion offers it's followers a spiritual explanation of how the world came to be, rather than a scientifc one. The Jewish Creation story is an example of a myth, a story with meaning. It is not a factual account of events, but instead allows Jews to understand why the world was created rather than how the world was created.

(This is a bit short for a 70 mark question, you might want to add on some more information if you're going to learn this.)

Kyromancer

JC Man wrote: »

Not there, mate?! :o

You have to have a certain amount of posts first. Twenty, I think.

Closed ac

- Discuss how either the search for truth or the search for peace has been a driving force in the life of a person of faith in a world religion you have studied.

- Hinduism: Mohandas K. Gandhi

- Mohandas Gandhi was born in India in 1869 into a Hindu family. Gandhi left India and was educated in England at the University of London. He was very interested in other religious and read their sacred texts. He became a qualified lawyer and then moved to South Africa to practice his profession. In South Africa at this time, Indians were discriminated against terribly - e.g. the black laws, were all Indians could not get married and had to carry around a card with their fingerprint. Gandhi was involved in opposing the racist policies of the South African government for twenty years until his return to India in 1915. He achieved great renown as a Hindu holy man and religious teacher. He soon was popularly referred to as the Mahatma (the Great Soul).

Gandhi then became the leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. He led it's campaign to achieve India's independence from the British Empire. He developed "satygraha" (meaning steadfastness in truth), which consisted of the theory and practice of non-violent resistance. This method of resistance is based on teachings from many different religious faiths. Gandhi believed that refusing to retaliate violently would eventually defeat an opponent, though it would demand great sacrifice and suffering. He also led protest marches against unjust British policies and organised boycotts of British goods. He was imprisoned on many occasions by the British authorities. Gandhi also went on hunger strike when fighting broke out, to show how he opposed violence. He is credited as the architect of Indian independence when it was achieved in 1947.

It is clear that the search for peace was a driving force in the life of Mohandas K. Gandhi. He used non-violent methods in order to acquire peace and succeeded in getting rights for Indians in South Africa, independence from the British and bringing peace among the Hindus and Muslims in India.

DylanS09

Rinne mé stadéar ar an ngearr scéal "An Corp" le Mícheál Ó Siochfhradha tá an téama ______ sa sceal seo.

Tháinig an Sasanach go dtí an Ghaeltachtag bailiú eolais i gcóir leabhair a bhí á scríobh aige fai nósanna agus phiseoga na ndaoine.

Bhí Muirisín Eoin cráite ag an Sasanach. Chaith sé trí seachtaine ag dul timpeall leis agus bhí an Sasanach spionlaithe. Lá amhain dúirt an Sasanach go raibh diomá air toisc nach raibh sé ag torramh riamh. Dúirt Muirisín go bhfuair fear bás ar maidin ach nach mbeach torramh aige. Bhí sé bocht agus ní raibh aon airigead chun tobac agus deoch a cheannach. Thug an Sasanach airigead do Mhuirisín i gcóir tórraimh.Chuaigh Muirisín agus Séamus ag lóirg coirp.

Dúirt Maidhc Mac Gearailt go mbeach sé ina corp. Dá bhfaidheadh sé leath de tabac agus alán pórtair. Ag an torraimh, bhí ilMaidhc ina luí faoi bhraiullín bhí na daoine ag caoineadh agus ag caint faoin bhfear marramh.

Bhí an Sasanach ag scriobh agus ag scriobh bhí gach rud a bhí ar siúil. Bhí ionadh air nuair a chonaic sé na daoine ag fágáll pórtair in aice leais an gcorp. Cheap sé gor nós a bhí ann. Tar éis tamaill d'éirigh an lucht caointe ólta. Bhí siad ag cigilt chosa Mhaidhc agus ag cur toitíní lena chois. Ach nuair a thosaigh duine amháin ag ól pórtair Mhaidhc, leéim sé suas. Thosaigh sé ag fhascanaí agus ag tríd. Rith an Sasanach amach an doras agus bhí sceon an domhain air. Ní raibh tásc ná tuairisc air ó shin.

There might be some grammar/spelling mistakes in this...but here it is anyways!:D

Closed ac

DylanS09 wrote: »

Rinne mé stadéar ar an ngearr scéal "An Corp" le Mícheál Ó Siochfhradha tá an téama ______ sa sceal seo.

Tháinig an Sasanach go dtí an Ghaeltachtag bailiú eolais i gcóir leabhair a bhí á scríobh aige fai nósanna agus phiseoga na ndaoine.

Bhí Muirisín Eoin cráite ag an Sasanach. Chaith sé trí seachtaine ag dul timpeall leis agus bhí an Sasanach spionlaithe. Lá amhain dúirt an Sasanach go raibh diomá air toisc nach raibh sé ag torramh riamh. Dúirt Muirisín go bhfuair fear bás ar maidin ach nach mbeach torramh aige. Bhí sé bocht agus ní raibh aon airigead chun tobac agus deoch a cheannach. Thug an Sasanach airigead do Mhuirisín i gcóir tórraimh.Chuaigh Muirisín agus Séamus ag lóirg coirp.

Dúirt Maidhc Mac Gearailt go mbeach sé ina corp. Dá bhfaidheadh sé leath de tabac agus alán pórtair. Ag an torraimh, bhí ilMaidhc ina luí faoi bhraiullín bhí na daoine ag caoineadh agus ag caint faoin bhfear marramh.

Bhí an Sasanach ag scriobh agus ag scriobh bhí gach rud a bhí ar siúil. Bhí ionadh air nuair a chonaic sé na daoine ag fágáll pórtair in aice leais an gcorp. Cheap sé gor nós a bhí ann. Tar éis tamaill d'éirigh an lucht caointe ólta. Bhí siad ag cigilt chosa Mhaidhc agus ag cur toitíní lena chois. Ach nuair a thosaigh duine amháin ag ól pórtair Mhaidhc, leéim sé suas. Thosaigh sé ag fhascanaí agus ag tríd. Rith an Sasanach amach an doras agus bhí sceon an domhain air. Ní raibh tásc ná tuairisc air ó shin.

There might be some grammar/spelling mistakes in this...but here it is anyways!:D

Thank you!

Glee_GG

ok so people seem to be saying a lot that exploration will come up in Q5 in history so i said id put up some notes

Why it began

1. to prove the world was round
2. to spread Christanity
3. New ships, maps and instruments led to the age of exploration.
4. The spirit of the Renaissance led people to question old beliefs and to explores the world around them
5. To find a new sea route to the Far East.
6. Spain and Portugal wanted to build huge empires and to become rich and powerful.

Swinging the lead
Used to check the depth of the water. A piece of lead was tied to a rope and thrown from the ship to measure the depth of the water

The log and line
Used to check the speed of the ship. A piece of wood was tied to a rope which had a series of knots on it. It was thrown from the ship and the knots where counted as they ran out and timed against the know length of the ship.

Life on ships
it was difficult and dangerous. Sailer's sailed into the unknown, facing storms and shipwreck. Food was cooked on the deck once a day. Food was rationed and stored in wooden barrels. It was difficult to keep food fresh and food was often infested by worms. Rats also spread diseases on the ships. Sailors faced many diseases such as scurvy and typhoid.

Bartholomew Diaz
Was the first explorer from Portugal to round the tip of Africa. The Caper of Storms, which was re-named the Cape of Good Hope by King John of Portugal

Portugal's contribution to the age of exploration
Portugal played a central roll in the age of ex. and discovery. Because Portugal wanted to find a new sea route to the East, she encouraged explorers toe explore the west coast of Africa. Prince Henry the Navigator was very committed to exploration. He set up a school of navigation at Sagres Bay to train sailers in the art of sailing and exploration. Bartholomew Diaz was the first explorer from Portuagal to round the tip of Africa and enter the indian Ocean. He named the tip of Africa the Cape of Storms but King John of Portugal remaned it the Cape of Good hope as their was now good hope of finding a new sea route to the East. Vasco Da Gama fllowed in Diaz's fotsteps, he entered the Indeam Ocean and made his way to Calicut, proving that the east could be reached by sea. such a discovery made Portugal rich and powerful as it controlled the sea route. Portugal built a colony on the East coast of Africa called Mozambique which they used to rest their ships, crews and take on supplies on the journey. The treaty of Tordesiallas allowed Portugal to exploit parts of South America such as Brazil. The Portuguese like the Spanish Conquistadors exploited and enslaved the native tribes of the lands they controlled in S. America. They stole the wealth of the native tribes which was bought back to Spain and Portugal. The native tribes suffered greatly, their lands were taken from them and many of them died from European diseases such as the measles or the flu. Their pagan religion, customs and traditions were replaced by Christianity and Christian customs and traditions. They were converted to Christianity and their pagan temples, statues and icons were replaced by Catholic churches and statues. Their dress and their languages were replaced by European dress and by Portuguese. Portugal built a huge empire and became rich and powerful during the Age of exploration and discovery.

Results

1. The knowledge of the world increased.
2. Spain and Portugal built huge empires and became very wealthy, from transporting huge amounts of gold and silver from the New World(amerca)
3. New trade routes were developed. New goods were bought to Europe such as pineapples. Sheep and horses were introduced to America.
4. A huge slave trade developed between Europe, The New world and Africa(triangular trading)
5. Ancient civilizations were destroyed e.g. Inca's and Aztec's

Closed ac

Okay, I've taken Dylan's notes, fixed the spelling mistakes and tied it in with the theme of humour.

"An Corp" -

(i) Is é an gearrscéal a roghnaigh mé ná "An Corp" le Micháel Ó Siochfhrada agus is é an teama a roghnaigh mé ná "Greann"

(ii) Tháinig an Sasanach go dtí an Ghaeltacht bailiú eolais i gcóir leabhair a bhí á scríobh aige faoi nósanna agus phiseoga na ndaoine.

Bhí Muirisín Eoin cráite ag an Sasanach. Chaith sé trí seachtaine ag dul timpeall leis agus bhí an Sasanach spionlaithe. Lá amhain dúirt an Sasanach go raibh diomá air toisc nach raibh sé ag torramh riamh. Dúirt Muirisín go bhfuair fear bás ar maidin ach nach mbeach torramh aige. Bhí sé bocht agus ní raibh aon airgead chun tobac agus deoch a cheannach. Thug an Sasanach airigead do Mhuirisín i gcóir tórraimh. Chuaigh Muirisín agus Séamus ag lóirg coirp.

Dúirt Maidhc Mac Gearailt go mbeach sé ina corp. Dá bhfaidheadh sé leath de tabac agus alán pórtair. Ag an torraimh, bhí Maidhc ina luí faoi bhraiullín bhí na daoine ag caoineadh agus ag caint faoin bhfear marramh.

Bhí an Sasanach ag scriobh agus ag scriobh bhí gach rud a bhí ar siúil. Bhí ionadh air nuair a chonaic sé na daoine ag fágáll pórtair in aice leais an gcorp. Cheap sé gor nós a bhí ann. Tar éis tamaill d'éirigh an lucht caointe ólta. Bhí siad ag cigilt chosa Mhaidhc agus ag cur toitíní lena chois. Ach nuair a thosaigh duine amháin ag ól pórtair Mhaidhc, léim sé suas. Thosaigh sé ag fhascanaí agus ag tríd. Rith an Sasanach amach an doras agus bhí sceon an domhain air. Ní raibh tásc ná tuairisc air ó shin.

Tá sé soiléir go bhfuil greann le feiceail ag an deireadh sa scéal. Thosaigh Maidhc ag éirí fearg mar bhí daoine ag ól a dheoch! Nuair a léim sé suas cheap an Sasanach gur phuca é! Bhí eagla an-domhain air agus rith sé amach an doras agus síos an bóthar. I mo thuairm, bhí an pairt seo an-ghreanmhar!

Closed ac

Anyone got notes on any of the following:

"Na Blátha Craige", "Le Linn Ar nÓige" or "Eachtraí Samhradh"?

Glee_GG

DKZ wrote: »

Anyone got notes on any of the following:

"Na Blátha Craige"?

what theme do you want?

Closed ac

Glee_GG wrote: »

what theme do you want?

Any!

DylanS09

DKZ wrote: »

Okay, I've taken Dylan's notes, fixed the spelling mistakes and tied it in with the theme of humour.

"An Corp" -

(i) Is é an gearrscéal a roghnaigh mé ná "An Corp" le Micháel Ó Siochfhrada agus is é an teama a roghnaigh mé ná "Greann"

(ii) Tháinig an Sasanach go dtí an Ghaeltacht bailiú eolais i gcóir leabhair a bhí á scríobh aige faoi nósanna agus phiseoga na ndaoine.

Bhí Muirisín Eoin cráite ag an Sasanach. Chaith sé trí seachtaine ag dul timpeall leis agus bhí an Sasanach spionlaithe. Lá amhain dúirt an Sasanach go raibh diomá air toisc nach raibh sé ag torramh riamh. Dúirt Muirisín go bhfuair fear bás ar maidin ach nach mbeach torramh aige. Bhí sé bocht agus ní raibh aon airgead chun tobac agus deoch a cheannach. Thug an Sasanach airigead do Mhuirisín i gcóir tórraimh. Chuaigh Muirisín agus Séamus ag lóirg coirp.

Dúirt Maidhc Mac Gearailt go mbeach sé ina corp. Dá bhfaidheadh sé leath de tabac agus alán pórtair. Ag an torraimh, bhí Maidhc ina luí faoi bhraiullín bhí na daoine ag caoineadh agus ag caint faoin bhfear marramh.

Bhí an Sasanach ag scriobh agus ag scriobh bhí gach rud a bhí ar siúil. Bhí ionadh air nuair a chonaic sé na daoine ag fágáll pórtair in aice leais an gcorp. Cheap sé gor nós a bhí ann. Tar éis tamaill d'éirigh an lucht caointe ólta. Bhí siad ag cigilt chosa Mhaidhc agus ag cur toitíní lena chois. Ach nuair a thosaigh duine amháin ag ól pórtair Mhaidhc, léim sé suas. Thosaigh sé ag fhascanaí agus ag tríd. Rith an Sasanach amach an doras agus bhí sceon an domhain air. Ní raibh tásc ná tuairisc air ó shin.

Tá sé soiléir go bhfuil greann le feiceail ag an deireadh sa scéal. Thosaigh Maidhc ag éirí fearg mar bhí daoine ag ól a dheoch! Nuair a léim sé suas cheap an Sasanach gur phuca é! Bhí eagla an-domhain air agus rith sé amach an doras agus síos an bóthar. I mo thuairm, bhí an pairt seo an-ghreanmhar!

Thanks!:o
I've discovered I don't like typing in Irish!
And our teacher didn't really correct any mistakes we had made either!
Now to re-learn An Corp...:mad:

Glee_GG

if anyone needs 2nd/3rd year history notes im here!! our teacher is a god with notes!!!!

StressedOverJC

my history teacher is pretty good with predicting the paper and she thinks wolfe tone and the trasport revolution are coming up as essays. anyone have any sample answers for them?
thanks xxx

Closed ac

StressedOverJC wrote: »

my history teacher is pretty good with predicting the paper and she thinks wolfe tone and the trasport revolution are coming up as essays. anyone have any sample answers for them?
thanks xxx

I'll type some up later tonight.

kevin12345

Glee_GG wrote: »

if anyone needs 2nd/3rd year history notes im here!! our teacher is a god with notes!!!!

3rd year notes please and thanks

Glee_GG

kevin12345 wrote: »

3rd year notes please and thanks

irish history or WW2?

kevin12345

Glee_GG wrote: »

irish history or WW2?

Irish history please, if it's no hassle, my weakest point in History :rolleyes:

StressedOverJC

the good thing is that although irish history seems to be everyone weakest points its pretty easily avoidable on the paper. once you know the basics for the short questions and stuff you can avoid it on the essays and the social change and 2nd yr history q in q6 are alot easier than irish history!:)

Closed ac

Theobald Wolfetone was a Dublin-born Protestant. A person's religion was very important in the 18th century. There were three main religions: Catholics, Presbyterians and Anglicans. The Penal Laws discriminated Catholics, they left them poor and powerless. Presbyterians were also slightly discriminated by the Anglicans as they would not allow them to sit in government jobs. Anglicans were divided into two groups, The Protestant Ascendancy, who controlled almost all the land and jobs and then the rest who had little wealth or power. Wolfetone belonged to this group.

Wolfetone belonged to the Church of Ireland but his family were not rich enough to be part of the Protestant Ascendancy. He studied law in Trinity College, but was more interested in politics. When the French revolution broke out, he welcomed it, hoping for "liberty, equality and fraternity" in Ireland too. In 1791 Presbyterians in Belfast set up a club to work for these ideas. Tone suggested they campaign against the Penal Laws. To convince them, he wrote a short book called "An Argument on behalf of the Catholics of Ireland". In it, Tone said that religious divisions were bad for Ireland. Many people were impressed by what he wrote and he was invited by Belfast Presbyterians him to join them in setting up the Society of United Irishmen.

The aims of the United Irishmen were to unite Irish people of all religions, reform the Irish parliament and reduce the power of the British government in Ireland. At first they worked peacefully for these aims, but in 1793 Britain went to war with France. The British thought that anyone who sympathised with French ideas was dangerous and watched the United Irishmen closely. When they found Tone talking to a French spy they forced him to leave Ireland for America and outlawed the UI.

New leaders took over after Tone left. They turned the UI into a secret society and planned a rebellion to set up an Irish republic. Tone knew they would need outside help. He went to France to persuade the French to send an army to Ireland. They listened to him and sent an army of 15,000 headed for Ireland. In December 1796 the army set out but their ships rant into terrible storms and had to go back to France.

This frightened the Ascendancy and the British government. They decided to destroy the UI before another French army could arrive. They used spies to uncover their plans and introduced a reign of terror in Ulster & Leinster. This then led to rebellions in Leinster, Wexford and Ulster which were unsuccessful. In Paris, Wolfe Tone at last persuaded the French to send more troops but they came too late to help the rebels. 1,100 men landed in Killala in Co. Mayo. Thousands of local people joined them. They defeated a small British army at Castlebar but then lost to a much larger force at Ballinamuck. A little later a small French fleet arrived in Lough Swilly in Dongela. Wolfe Tone was on board. The British navy captured them. Tone was sent to Dublin where he was tried and sentenced to hang. The asked to be shot like a soldier and when that was refused he committed suicide.

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Food, coal, cloth and other things had to be carried from place to place. This encouraged people to improve old ways of transport. Thomas Telford and James McAdam improved road surfaces. Private investors built toll roads. Stage and mail coaches became faster and more comfortable. In Ireland, Charles Bianconi began a coach service linking many country towns. Canals like the Bridgewater Canal linked cities to the sea. In Ireland the Grand and Royal Canals linked Dublin to the Shannon.

After James Watt invented the steam engine, people tried to use it in transport but it took a long time to find out how. Around 1820 steam engines were put in ships to make them faster and more reliable than sailing ships. Steam-driven wagons (locomotives) were too heavy for the roads. In mining areas they were put on rails to carry coal. George Stephenson invented the Rocket, the first reliable steam locomotive. It was used on the Liverpool to Manchester railway in 1829. After that railways were built all over the world. The first Irish railway was from Dublin to Kingstown (Dun Laoghaire) in 1834.

Closed ac

Micro-organisms are small living things. There are three types of micro-organisms: viruses, bacteria and fungi.

Viruses are: the smallest micro-organisms, unable to reproduce by themselves (they use other cells to produce new viruses), parasites and the causes of diseases such as colds, flu, measles, mumps and AIDS. A parasite is a living thing that gets its food from another living thing.

Bacteria: are larger than viruses, are visible only under a microscope, need food, water, a suitable temperature and pH to grow, reproduce asexually, causes diseases such as TB, pneumonia, sore throats, tetanus and food poisoning and can be parasites or saprophytes. A saprophyte is a living thing that gets its food from dead sources. Advantages of bacteria is that they make foods such as cheese, butter and yoghurt and decay dead plants and animals (releasing minerals into the soil to be re-used by plants.) Disadvantages of bacteria are that they cause disease and destroy foods.

Antibiotics are chemicals made by micro-organisms that kill or prevent the growth of bacteria.

Fungi are: simple plants that do not contain chlorophyll, not green, not able to make their own food, single celled or made of underground threads. Advantages of fungi are that it can be eaten and used to make alcohol. Disadvantages of fungi are the it causes diseases such as athlete's foot and ringworm and causes food to rot.

Biotechnology is the use of living things or parts of living things to make useful products. Biotechnology used plants, animals, bacteria, yeasts and enzymes to produce useful products. Industrial uses of biotechnology include yeast, making alcohol in breweries and bacteria, making stain-removing enzymes for use in washing powders. Medical uses of biotechnology include bacteria and fungi, making antibiotics and bacteria and yeast being treated so that they can produce products such as human hormones, antibodies or drugs.

To investigate the presence of micro-organisms in air and soil:
- Obtain 3 sterile petri dishes, A B C, containing nutrient agar.
- Remove the lid from Dish A to allow micro-organisms from the air to land on the agar.
- Sprinkle a small sample of soil over the agar in Dish B.
- Do not open Dish C as this dish acts as a control.
- Close all the dishes, seal them with tape and label them on the undersides.
- Place the 3 dishes in a warm room or incubator for a few days.
- Dish A may have round, shiny patches of bacteria growing on the agar or there may be patches of fluffy growth which is caused by fungi.
- Dish B may be similar to Dish A.
- Dish C should have no growth on the surface of the agar.

bluejay14

Seeing as I have nothing better to do I think I'll might as well stick up some more notes. I am also testing my memory!

Archaeologist at work

Much of what we know about eaarly history comes from a special kind of historical detective work called archaeology. Archaeology is the study of very old things. Sometimes, the ruins of old building, churches and graves may still be visible above the ground and may be worth investigating. Even when the ruins have virtually disappeared, an archaeologist may locate them with the help of old maps or documents which pinpoint their location. Todays archaeologists often locate places of interest with the help of aerial photograph. Old stories and legends, while often unreliable and untrue can give important clues.

When archaeologists believe they have found a place worth investigating, it becomes an archaeological site. the site is divided into small sections usually square shaped and identified by different numbers or letters. Small pathways are marked out between the section sto prevent the archaeologists from treading on valuable finds.

The archaeologists slowly dig down into each section using small toos such as trowels and grologists hammers to avoid missing or breaking important finds. Kitchen spoons and penknoves ar often using on excavation swhile many archaeologists use toothbrushes when cleaning important finds. Finds such as pottery, tools or weapons are called artefacts.

At the end of a successful dig, thousands of objects may have been found. The task facing the archaeologists now will involve dating the sites and finds. The lower down an object is found, the longer ir has bee nthere and the older it is. The team of archaeologists sig down through each layer of earth, taking careful note of the depth at which each oject is found. This work is called stratigraphy. All living creatures and plants contain a substance called carbon-14. When they die this carbon 14 begins to decay at a steady rate. By measuring how rapidly carbon-14 is decaying , in a bone for example, scientists ca tell acurately how old it is. This process is called carbon-14 dating. We know the age of a tree by counting the rings inside it's trunk. The dating of wooden objects is called dendrochronology.

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Ecology is the stdy of the relationships between plants, animals and their environments.
A habitat is where a plant or animal lives.
A population refers to all the members of a particular type of plant or animal living in a habitat.
A community refers to all the plants and animals in a habitat.
Producers are plants that make their own food.
Consumers are animals that get their food by eating plants or other animals.
Herbivores are animals that eat plants only.
Omnivores are animals that eat other animals only.
Decomposers are living things that feed on dead plants and animals.
A food chain is a list of living things in which each one is eaten by the next in the food chain.
Adaptations are structures or habits that living things have which enable them to survive in their habitats.
Competition occurs when two or more organisms require something that is in short supply.
A food web consists of two or more interconnected food chains.
Interdependence means that living things depend on each other for survival.

Studying a habitat involves:
- Making a sketch map of the habitat
- Measuring relevant environmental factors such as temperatures, light intensity or soil pH
- Identifying plants and animals, often using a key
- Collecting plants and animals using pooters, beating trays and pitfall traps
- Estimating the numbers of plants using quadrats or line transects

Human effects on the environment:
- Coservation is the protection and wise management of our natural resources
- Pollution is any unwanted change to our environment
- Waste management is essential to prevent pollution and to conserve our environment.
- Waste management involves the three R's : Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

StressedOverJC

thanks dkz, really helpful notes.

all i have on my computer is some religion definitions and some home-ec notes if anyone wants me to put them up

.

p.s wanderingsoul,your science notes are really good if you have anything else on physics or chemistry it would be really appreciated, thanks. xxx

StressedOverJC

Consumer studies
Consumer~ anyone who buys goods or uses services
Rights~truthful info,choice,value for money,safety,redress
Responsibilities~know/use laws,keep reciepts and gaurantees, complain if necessary,read instructions.
Identify,collect,consider,decide,action,evaluate
Consumer info act 1998 protects the consumer against false or misleading claims about goods, services and prices
Sale of goods and supply of services act 1990 means goods must be of merchantable quality,fit 4 purpose,as described.and conform to sample.
Redress~refund,replace,repair.how serious,promtness,occurred
Gaurantee~undertaking by the manufacturer that they will make good any faults that occur during the period of the gaurantee.
Statutory~national consumer agency(enforces+info laws),office of the ombudsman(investigates unresolved complaints v.public)
Voluntary~consumers asso. of Ireland(advises+lobbies),ASAI (promotes honest, truthful and decent advertising)
Quality~high standard eg. Gauranteed irish,CE,NSAI
Money management=dividing income budget=plan for spending
Budget:housing 25%,food 25%,household expenses 15%, personal/travel/clothes 10%, entertainment/ education/savings/ emergencies 5%
Credit~buy now pay later,loan,higher purchase,bank overdraft
Advertising~introduce new products,increase sales,provide info
Legal control of advertising~consumer info act 1978,EU misleading advertising directive,employment equality act 1998
Voluntary conrol~advertising standards authority for Ireland
Shoping outlets~supermarket,chain stores,discount stores
Packaging~paper,plastic,metal,glass(strong,hygienic,recyclable)
Unit price~price per unit e.g. gram/kilo
　
　
Resource management
Management~ skillfull treatment or handling of a task
Resouce~something you use to achieve a goal. Personal(energy, skills),money,commodities(food,equipment),community resources (libarys,schools)
Cleaning agents~water,detergent,abrasives,polish,bleaches,multi purpose cleaning agents.
Order of work~tidy sweep,dust,vaccum,wash,polish.
Good home~physical needs(food,warmth,shelter)emotional needs(love,security,protection)social needs(communicate feeling
Design~plan or sketch for the production of something
Charecteristics~atractivness, safety, durability, functionality
Features~colour,texture(feel),line(creates optical illusion),shape (outline),pattern(repeated design,can be fussy/boring)
Principles~balance(harmony between features),emphasis (drawing attention to a feature)porportion(objects relate to each other in size) rhythm(repeted use of features for harmony+unity)
Accidents caused by~appliaces,chance,people,badly constructed
Fire~extinguisher,never use water,ring brigade/raise alarm,evacuate,don’t re-enter,ring brigade.
First aid~1st treatment a person gets before medical help arrives
Antiseptic kills all germs,disinfectant kills harmful germs
Amenity~useful or pleasant place to spend time eg park,library
Live-brown, neutral-blue, earth-green and yellow
Services to the home~gas, electricity, water
Energy saving~switch off,turn down,recycle
Technology~science applied in a practical way. Makes food preparation quicker,easier,cleaner etc.
Ergonomics~study of the efficiency of people in the working environment. Involves: planning time, design and layout of equipment(work triangle), sequence of tasks.

StressedOverJC

RELIGIOUS DEFENITIONS
RELIGION: belief in and worship of a god/gods
MONOTHEISM: belief in one god
POLYTHEISM: belief in many gods
HENOTHEISM: belief in 1 god but does not deny other gods
THEISM: yes there is a god
ATHEISM: there is no god
AGNOSTICISM: it is impossible to know if there is a god
SECULARISM: a decline in active membership of a religion
HUMANISM: belief in the power and reason of humans,not god
MATERIALISTS: seek fulfilment through material objects
ASCETIC: a person who lives a life of prayer and self denial
COMMUNITY OF FAITH: a group of people who share the same beliefs and worship in the same way
CREED: a set of beliefs in a religion e.g shahadah
SACRED TEXT: holy book containing important stories and key teachings of a religion e.g Koran
CODE: a set of guidelines for making moral decisions
WORSHIP: an action that recognises the importance of god
SENSE OF THE SACRED: awareness of the invisible and mysterious presence of god in your life
PRAYER: conversation from the heart between god and humans
RITUAL: a regular pattern to peoples worship e.g wudu
SIGN: an image/word/gesture that only has its obvious meaning
SYMBOL: an image, word or gesture that has another meaning
VOCATION: a calling to serve god e.g nun/priest
INTER-FAITH DIALOGUE: members of different world religions talking with and listening to one another
PLURALISM: belief that people of different world religions should learn to live alongside each other in peace
FUNDAMENTALISTS: accept the literal meaning of the bible
PILGRIMAGE: journey to a sacred place
CHRISTAINS: followers of jesus christ e.g catholics/orthodox
SECTARIANISM: narrow-minded, hostile attitude to people with different religious views e.g catholicsV.prodestants
ECUMENISM: the attempt to heal the rift between christains
REVERENCE: deep respect for someone or something
PROPHET: a holy man who received messages from god
NIGHT OF POWER AND EXCELLENCE: when muhammed is said to have revelation from allah on mount hira
HIJRA: the journey from mecca to medina taken by muhammed
5 ARTICLES OF FAITH: belief in allah/angels/Qur’an/ muhammmed/a final day of judgement
5 PILLAIRS OF FAITH: shahadah/creed, salat/prayer, zakat/charity, hajj/pilgrimage
IMAM: spiritual leader of a mosque. He is selected because of his knowledge of the Koran and commitment to islam.
MINBAR: raised platform where the imam gives a sermon
MIHRAB: an alcove in the wall that points towards mecca
MUEZZIN: calls muslims to prayer
MINARET:the tower where the muezzin calls muslims to prayer
WUDU: ritual washing of the hands + feet to prepare for prayer
AQIQA: muslim naming ceremony
CALIPH: successor to muhammed
SHISM: split or divide between members of a religion
SANHEDRIN: jewish court of law in ancient Palestine
TAX COLLECTOR: a traitor jew who worked for the romans
GOSPEL: good news. Principal source of info about jesus
EVANGELIST: writers of the gospel i.e mathew,mark,luke,john
SYNOPTIC: can be seen together/similar (mathew,mark,luke)
Q DOCUMENT: collection of jesus sayings used 4 johns gospel
DISCIPLE:following jesus and learning from his example
METANOIA: complete change of heart
APOSTLE: group of 12 close companions of jesus
THE KINGDOM OF GOD: a place love in peoples heart where they realise they are all gods children.
PARABLE:story with a hidden meaning e.g the good samaritian
BEATITUDES: a set of qualities people must have in order to be in the kingdom of god e.g deep faith, pure heart, merciful
MESSIAH: the anointed 1/chosen by god for an important task
INCARNATION: jesus is fully human and fully god
TRINITY: the belief that there are 3 persons in the 1 god
HERESY: spreading false ideas about god
ICON: decorated painting that shows an important religious idea
MYSTERY: a question to which humans cannot find the answer
REVALATION: the way god reaches out to people and reveals things about his nature which we would not otherwise know.
MORALITY: a set of beliefs that offer guidance on right/wrong
VALUE: what you consider to be good/important/worthwhile
SOCIALISATION: the way people aquire their values
MORAL VISION: a particular outlook on life
CONSCIENCE: a persons ability to apply their values to a moral situation and do the right thing
SHARI’A: a moral code which muslims, by law, must follow
LEGALISM: harsh and excessive devotion to the law
THEOCRACY: a state where religious laws are state laws

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Just putting in another request for notes cos I really need them! :eek:

- Eachtraí Samhradh
- Na Blátha Craige
- Le Linn Ar nÓige

WanderingSoul

StressedOverJC wrote: »

p.s wanderingsoul,your science notes are really good if you have anything else on physics or chemistry it would be really appreciated, thanks. xxx

Thank you.

I may have some more, I'll check in a moment. I would type out more anyway, but due to an injury I can only type with one hand so that's not really practical.

EDIT: I've a bit more Physics I never got around to putting up. I'll post it up in a sec.