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a little help with python

tommyboy26

i am learning python in college and as part of an assignment i need to draw an isosceles triangle in turtle graphics. no matter what was i try to do it i cant get the lines to line up.

for an isosceles triangle to work there must be 2 sides the same length and one longer. its usually the sum of 2 sides squared equals the length of the other side squared. the problem i am having is i cant figure out how to do a square root on pycharm. anyone able to give me a little help?

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Anesthetize

What have you tried so far? Can you share your code?

tommyboy26

Question 16
# importing turtle library
import turtle
# creating a turtle object named terry
terry = turtle.Turtle()
# creating a screen
win = turtle.Screen()
# setting back round colour
win.bgcolor("black")
# setting pensize
terry.pensize(3)
# setting pen colour
terry.color("white")
# setting turtle shape
terry.shape("classic")
# drawing isosceles triangle

terry.forward(200)
terry.left(135)
terry.forward(150)
terry.left(90)
terry.forward(150)
win.exitonclick()

tommyboy26

Anesthetize wrote: »

What have you tried so far? Can you share your code?

i have been plugging in numbers to the bottom length trying to get closer but there has to be a more precise way

Talisman

The formula you need is :

a^2 = b^2 + c^2

or

(a * a) = (b * b) + (c * c)

For an isosceles triangle b = c.

(a * a) = 2 * (b * b) => (a * a) / 2 = (b * b)

Using your initial length of 200 for a

(200 * 200) / 2 = (b * b)
(b * b) = 40000 / 2 = 20000
b = sqrt( 20000 ) = 141.421356

So try the following:

terry.forward(200)
terry.left(135)
terry.forward(142)
terry.left(90)
terry.forward(142)

tommyboy26

Talisman wrote: »
The formula you need is :

a^2 = b^2 + c^2

or

(a * a) = (b * b) + (c * c)

For an isosceles triangle b = c.

(a * a) = 2 * (b * b) => (a * a) / 2 = (b * b)

Using your initial length of 200 for a

(200 * 200) / 2 = (b * b)
(b * b) = 40000 / 2 = 20000
b = sqrt( 20000 ) = 141.421356

So try the following:
terry.forward(200)
terry.left(135)
terry.forward(142)
terry.left(90)
terry.forward(142)

Thanks for that it work.

but on a side note is there a way to use the square root function in python?

tommyboy26

Idleater wrote: »

I know you prefixed this with n00b, but step 1 for noobs is learning to Google. You asked the correct specific question: http://lmgtfy.com/?q=Python+square+root

thanks for taking the time to do that:cool:

did it ever occur to you that maybe i tried that and when i put in sqrt it didnt work.

no need to be sarcastic and make fun of me because i cant figure out something i am only learning but hey i live and learn;)

Talisman

tommyboy26 wrote: »

Thanks for that it work.

but on a side note is there a way to use the square root function in python?

You need to import the math module in your code before you call call sqrt().

Method #1 : import math

Python 3.6.3 (default, Oct  4 2017, 06:09:05)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 8.0.0 (clang-800.0.42.1)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import math
>>> sqrt(20000)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'sqrt' is not defined
>>> math.sqrt(20000)
141.4213562373095

Method #2 : from math import sqrt
Only bind what you need from the module, i.e. the sqrt() function in this case.

Python 3.6.3 (default, Oct  4 2017, 06:09:05)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 8.0.0 (clang-800.0.42.1)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from math import sqrt
>>> math.sqrt(20000)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'math' is not defined
>>> sqrt(20000)
141.4213562373095

As you can see from the excerpts above, the method you choose to use determines how you can call the function.

It would be naive to think that the second method is better because you only want to import a single function because the entire math module is still imported but you don't have access to it.

The only difference between the two statements is what name is bound; import math (method #1) binds the name math to the module (math -> sys.modules), while from math import sqrt (method #2) binds a different name, sqrt, which points directly at the function contained inside of the math module (sqrt -> sys.modules.sqrt).

In general, method #1 is considered the best practise. There is no noticeable performance benefit in method #2 unless it is used in particular circumstances.

Method #1 : math.sqrt() involves two look ups. First it has to look up math in the global namespace where it finds the module, then there is a look up for the attribute sqrt which is the function to be called.

Method #2 : sqrt() involves a single look up. from math import sqrt has bound sqrt in the global namespace so the first look up finds the function.

The only circumstance in which method #2 will offer a performance benefit is if the function was called in a loop that was being executed thousands of times.

In your use case you definitely want to use method #1 because it gives you access to the full math module.

Python 3.6.3 (default, Oct  4 2017, 06:09:05)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 8.0.0 (clang-800.0.42.1)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import math
>>> a = 200
>>> a2 = math.pow(a, 2)
>>> b2 = a2 / 2
>>> b = math.sqrt(b2)
>>> b
141.4213562373095
>>> math.ceil(b)
142

Of course you can shorten this to a single line:

>>> math.ceil( math.sqrt( math.pow(a, 2) / 2 ) )
142

tommyboy26

Talisman wrote: »
You need to import the math module in your code before you call call sqrt().

Method #1 : import math
Python 3.6.3 (default, Oct  4 2017, 06:09:05)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 8.0.0 (clang-800.0.42.1)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import math
>>> sqrt(20000)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'sqrt' is not defined
>>> math.sqrt(20000)
141.4213562373095
Method #2 : from math import sqrt
Only bind what you need from the module, i.e. the sqrt() function in this case.
Python 3.6.3 (default, Oct  4 2017, 06:09:05)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 8.0.0 (clang-800.0.42.1)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from math import sqrt
>>> math.sqrt(20000)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'math' is not defined
>>> sqrt(20000)
141.4213562373095
As you can see from the excerpts above, the method you choose to use determines how you can call the function.

It would be naive to think that the second method is better because you only want to import a single function because the entire math module is still imported but you don't have access to it.

The only difference between the two statements is what name is bound; import math (method #1) binds the name math to the module (math -> sys.modules), while from math import sqrt (method #2) binds a different name, sqrt, which points directly at the function contained inside of the math module (sqrt -> sys.modules.sqrt).

In general, method #1 is considered the best practise. There is no noticeable performance benefit in method #2 unless it is used in particular circumstances.

Method #1 : math.sqrt() involves two look ups. First it has to look up math in the global namespace where it finds the module, then there is a look up for the attribute sqrt which is the function to be called.

Method #2 : sqrt() involves a single look up. from math import sqrt has bound sqrt in the global namespace so the first look up finds the function.

The only circumstance in which method #2 will offer a performance benefit is if the function was called in a loop that was being executed thousands of times.

In your use case you definitely want to use method #1 because it gives you access to the full math module.
Python 3.6.3 (default, Oct  4 2017, 06:09:05)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 8.0.0 (clang-800.0.42.1)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import math
>>> a = 200
>>> a2 = math.pow(a, 2)
>>> b2 = a2 / 2
>>> b = math.sqrt(b2)
>>> b
141.4213562373095
>>> math.ceil(b)
142
Of course you can shorten this to a single line:
>>> math.ceil( math.sqrt( math.pow(a, 2) / 2 ) )
142

thank you for taking the time to explain that. i never imported the math library which is why it would not work for me.

just looking at your code what version of python are you using?

Talisman

tommyboy26 wrote: »

just looking at your code what version of python are you using?

Python 3.6.3 on OS X installed using the Homebrew package manager.

tommyboy26

Talisman wrote: »

Python 3.6.3 on OS X installed using the Homebrew package manager.

ah ok thats why its different im using pycharm on windows

thanks again for your help

tommyboy26

so once again i need a little help.

mainly just to see if my idea is possible for my end of semester project i have to draw something using python and turtle graphics. so thinking it would be easy i decided to draw an atom. i have to use loops, functions...etc but i hit a snag drawing the ellipse. i have figured out how to draw one but its not working the way i want. the picture below was what i was aiming for but i cant figure out how to change it to what i want.

Attachment not found.

my initial idea was to have the electrons orbiting the nucleus but at this stage i would be happy if i could just get it to look like the picture.

here is what i have so far:

 import turtle


terry = turtle.Turtle()
terry.hideturtle()

terry.speed(500)
win = turtle.Screen()
win.bgcolor("white")
win.screensize(1000, 1000)
[B]
terry.goto(0, 0)
terry.color("black", "white")
terry.shape("circle")
terry.shapesize(8, 20)
terry.stamp()
terry.pencolor("black")
[/B]

def circle():
    terry.begin_fill()
    terry.fillcolor("blue")
    terry.circle(20)
    terry.end_fill()


def circle2():
    terry.begin_fill()
    terry.fillcolor("red")
    terry.circle(20)
    terry.end_fill()


terry.penup()
terry.goto(40, 0)
terry.pendown()

circle()

terry.penup()
terry.goto(40, 25)
terry.pendown()

circle2()

terry.penup()
terry.goto(20, 35)
terry.pendown()

circle()


terry.penup()
terry.goto(-10, 40)
terry.pendown()

circle2()

terry.penup()
terry.goto(-40, 30)
terry.pendown()

circle()


terry.penup()
terry.goto(-40, 0)
terry.pendown()

circle2()

terry.penup()
terry.goto(-20, -30)
terry.pendown()

circle()

terry.penup()
terry.goto(0, -30)
terry.pendown()

circle2()

terry.penup()
terry.goto(30, -25)
terry.pendown()

circle()

terry.penup()
terry.goto(-12, 5)
terry.pendown()

circle()

terry.penup()
terry.goto(-10, 40)
terry.pendown()

circle()

terry.penup()
terry.goto(10, 5)
terry.pendown()

circle2()


win.exitonclick()

The part in bold is for the ellipse. I cant get the ellipse to go from right corner to left corner. i was hoping to write a function to draw the ellipse and call it in a loop moving it by 1 position each loop to give the impression of it moving. is it even possible to do what i want to do?

Evil Phil

Just added some code tags to your last post there, it makes it easier to read.

pillphil

May have misunderstood the question, are you just asking how to rotate the ellipse?

terry.goto(0, 0)
terry.color("black", "white")
terry.shape("circle")
terry.shapesize(8, 20)
[B]terry.tilt(30)[/B]
terry.stamp()
terry.pencolor("black")

pillphil

I won't post the code since it's for a project(sorry...)

I had a look at getting an electron to orbit the nucleus.

I ignored the tilt for this to simplify it.

You can use parametric equations:

x=a cos(θ)
y=b sin(θ)

Where a is the radius on the horizontal axis, and b is the radius on the vertical axis.

and θ is the number of radians that make up the angle

I had a method to get x and one to get y.

x and y for each angle will get you the center of the electron on the elipse, then you can draw an electron at that point.

I ran into some issues trying to animate the movement. The obvious thing to do seemed to be

#loop between 0, 360 - degrees in circle
# turtle.goto(get_x_coord(), get_y_coord())
# define circle

asstamp = terry.stamp() # assign stamp id to variable and stamp 

# I tried a few different methods of waiting here

terry.clearstamp(asstamp) # problem line

But this didn't render the electron for long enough to appear on the screen.
I tried a few waits, but it didn't seem to work.

Removing the clearstamp produced a series of electrons around the ellipse, so I'm not sure what the solution to this is.

I ended up adding each stamp to a queue and removing it on the next pass so it animates the next circle before it removes the previous.

This is what it looks like, the start/end of the loop is at the rightmost point. You can see where the queue causes some issues on the restart of the loop.

You should be able to get the rotation matrix formula to get x and y for a rotated ellipse

$50622f9a4a7ba2961f5df5f7e0882983cf2f1d2f$

Talisman

To draw an ellipse you simply need to stretch a circle using the shaperesize method. You can also tilt the shape using the settiltangle method.

#parameter variables
fill_color = "yellow"
outline_color = "black"
x = 0
y = 0
angle = 45
stretch_wid = 20
stretch_len = 30
outline = 1

# t is for turtle!
t = Turtle(visible=False)

t.shape("circle")
t.shapesize(stretch_wid, stretch_len, outline)
t.color(fill_color, outline_color)
t.penup()
t.goto(x, y)
t.settiltangle(angle)
t.stamp()

Talisman

pillphil wrote: »
I had a method to get x and one to get y.

x and y for each angle will get you the center of the electron on the elipse, then you can draw an electron at that point.

I ran into some issues trying to animate the movement. The obvious thing to do seemed to be
#loop between 0, 360 - degrees in circle
# turtle.goto(get_x_coord(), get_y_coord())
# define circle

asstamp = terry.stamp() # assign stamp id to variable and stamp 

# I tried a few different methods of waiting here

terry.clearstamp(asstamp) # problem line
But this didn't render the electron for long enough to appear on the screen.
I tried a few waits, but it didn't seem to work.

Removing the clearstamp produced a series of electrons around the ellipse, so I'm not sure what the solution to this is.

I ended up adding each stamp to a queue and removing it on the next pass so it animates the next circle before it removes the previous.

The solution to your animation issue is not to stamp, instead use showturtle().

# electron is a Turtle instance

# use pendown if you want to trace the orbit
electron.pendown()
# move the electron to (x, y)
electron.goto( x, y )
# show the electron
electron.showturtle()

If you want to have a continuous animation of the orbit build a circular list of tuples (x,y) for each point where you want your electron to appear. The itertools module gives you a set of functions for creating iterators which are great for efficient loops. After you create the list of coordinates, use the itertools.cycle() method. This will create an iterator which will always return the next set of coordinates on the orbit path - the list becomes an infinite loop.

import itertools

circular_iter = itertools.cycle(coords_list)

# get the starting position
start_pos = next(circular_iter)
# place the electron in the starting position
electron.goto( start_pos[0], start_pos[1] )

# infinite loop 
for coord in circular_iter:
    # move the electron
    electron.goto( coord[0], coord[1] )
    # show the electron
    electron.showturtle()

pillphil

Ah, I didn't realise that the turtle became the shape you set, I thought it just drew the shape.

Is there a way to render the circles transparent?

Talisman

pillphil wrote: »

Ah, I didn't realise that the turtle became the shape you set, I thought it just drew the shape.

Is there a way to render the circles transparent?

turtle.color() can take two string values. The first sets the outline colour, the second is the fill colour. If you pass an empty string for the second parameter then the circle will not be filled.

outline_col = "black"
fill_col = ""
shape = "circle"

el = Turtle()
el.hideturtle()
el.penup()
el.shape(shape)
el.color(outline_col, fill_col)
el.goto(x, y)
el.showturtle()

pillphil

I feel like they could place that info better in the documentation. It's right at the bottom and I only found it by ctrl + F "".

Thanks for the help. Shame it's not my project

tommyboy26

thanks for taking the time to reply:D

Talisman

tommyboy26 wrote: »

thanks for taking the time to reply:D

Did you get it working for yourself?

tommyboy26

Talisman wrote: »

Did you get it working for yourself?

no i could not get it too work. so i had a chat with my lecturer and went a different route

here is the code if anyone wants to run the program to see what it does
there is alot :P:P

# importing turtle graphics library
import turtle
# importing sin, pi, e math functions
from math import sin, pi, e
# creating a turtle object named terry
terry = turtle.Turtle()
# creating a turtle object named yertle
yertle = turtle.Turtle()
# creating a screen to show turtle graphics
win = turtle.Screen()
# setting screen back round color to yellow
win.bgcolor("yellow")
# enabling a user input to take in an integer number for pensize
pensize = win.numinput("", "Please pick a pensize from 1-3")
# linking integer value for pensize to object terry
terry.pensize(pensize)
# hiding the shape of the object yertle and moving it to top left of screen
yertle.hideturtle()
yertle.penup()
yertle.goto(-300, 250)
yertle.pendown()
# telling object yertle to write user instructions on screen and move down a line each time
yertle.write("Press the Q key to draw shape 1", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
yertle.penup()
yertle.goto(-300, 230)
yertle.pendown()
yertle.write("Press the W key to draw shape 2", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
yertle.penup()
yertle.goto(-300, 210)
yertle.pendown()
yertle.write("Press the E key to draw shape 3", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
yertle.penup()
yertle.goto(-300, 190)
yertle.pendown()
yertle.write("Press the A key to draw shape 4", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
yertle.penup()
yertle.goto(-300, 170)
yertle.pendown()
yertle.write("Press the R key to reset the screen", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))

# defining the first shape
def harmonograph1():
# these values set the frequency of the object
f1 = 10
f2 = 3
f3 = 1
f4 = 2
# these values tell the object what value of pi to use when moving
p1 = 0
p2 = 0
p3 = pi / 2
p4 = 0
# these values tell the object the rate of decay as it moves
d1 = 0.039
d2 = 0.006
d3 = 0.00
d4 = 0.0045
# this value sets the time interval for the object
t = 0
# this value is for time x decay
dt = 0.05
# creating a loop to draw the shape
for i in range(2500):
# enabling the program to make a selection of color depending on where it is in the loop
if i < 750:
terry.color("red")
else:
terry.color("black")
# sets the speed of the object
terry.speed(0)
# this is the maths that sets the objects position as it moves and draws the shape
x1 = 100 * sin(f1 * t + p1) * e ** (-t * d1) + 100 * sin(f2 * t + p2) * e ** (-t * d2)
y1 = 100 * sin(f3 * t + p3) * e ** (-t * d3) + 100 * sin(f4 * t + p4) * e ** (-t * d4)
terry.setpos(x1, y1)
t += dt

# defining the second shape using the same maths as shape 1 but with different values of frequency/pi/decay
def harmonograph2():
f5 = 3.001
f6 = 2
f7 = 3
f8 = 2
p5 = 0
p6 = 0
p7 = pi/2
p8 = 3*pi/2
d5 = 0.004
d6 = 0.0065
d7 = 0.008
d8 = 0.019
t = 0
dt = 0.05
# creating loop to draw shape 2/ hide the object shape and set the pen color to red
for i in range(2500):
terry.hideturtle()
terry.pencolor("red")
x2 = 100 * sin(f5 * t + p5) * e ** (-t * d5) + 100 * sin(f6 * t + p6) * e ** (-t * d6)
y2 = 100 * sin(f7 * t + p7) * e ** (-t * d7) + 100 * sin(f8 * t + p8) * e ** (-t * d8)
terry.setpos(x2, y2)
t += dt

# defining the 3rd shape using the same maths as shape 1 but with different values of frequency/pi/decay
def harmonograph3():
f1 = 2
f2 = 6
f3 = 1.002
f4 = 3
p1 = pi/16
p2 = 3*pi/2
p3 = 13*pi/16
p4 = pi
d1 = 0.02
d2 = 0.0315
d3 = 0.02
d4 = 0.02
t = 0
dt = 0.05
# creating loop to draw shape 3/ hide the object shape and set the pen color to dark blue
for i in range(1500):
terry.hideturtle()
terry.color("dark blue")
x1 = 100 * sin(f1 * t + p1) * e ** (-t * d1) + 100 * sin(f2 * t + p2) * e ** (-t * d2)
y1 = 100 * sin(f3 * t + p3) * e ** (-t * d3) + 100 * sin(f4 * t + p4) * e ** (-t * d4)
terry.setpos(x1, y1)
t += dt

# defining the 4th shape using the same maths as shape 1 but with different values of frequency/pi/decay
def harmonograph4():
f1 = 2.01
f2 = 3
f3 = 3
f4 = 2
p1 = 0
p2 = 7*pi/16
p3 = 0
p4 = 0
d1 = 0.085
d2 = 0.00
d3 = 0.065
d4 = 0.00
t = 0
dt = 0.05
# creating loop to draw shape 4, hide the object shape and set the pen color to black
for i in range(1500):
terry.hideturtle()
terry.pencolor("black")
x1 = 100 * sin(f1 * t + p1) * e ** (-t * d1) + 100 * sin(f2 * t + p2) * e ** (-t * d2)
y1 = 100 * sin(f3 * t + p3) * e ** (-t * d3) + 100 * sin(f4 * t + p4) * e ** (-t * d4)
terry.setpos(x1, y1)
t += dt

# creating a function to draw shape 1 on press of key Q by user
def q_key():
harmonograph1()

# creating a function to draw shape 2 on press of key W by user
def w_key():
harmonograph2()

# creating a function to draw shape 3 on press of key E by user
def e_key():
harmonograph3()

# creating a function to draw shape 4 on press of key A by user
def a_key():
harmonograph4()

# creating a function to reset screen on press of key R by user
# this function also rewrites the instructions for the user after the screen is reset
def r_key():
win.resetscreen()
yertle.hideturtle()
yertle.penup()
yertle.goto(-300, 250)
yertle.pendown()
yertle.write("Press the Q key to draw shape 1", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
yertle.penup()
yertle.goto(-300, 230)
yertle.pendown()
yertle.write("Press the W key to draw shape 2", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
yertle.penup()
yertle.goto(-300, 210)
yertle.pendown()
yertle.write("Press the E key to draw shape 3", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
yertle.penup()
yertle.goto(-300, 190)
yertle.pendown()
yertle.write("Press the A key to draw shape 4", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
yertle.penup()
yertle.goto(-300, 170)
yertle.pendown()
yertle.write("Press the R key to reset the screen", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
# this part of the function keeps the pensize the same as the size chosen by user at the start of the program
terry.pensize(pensize)

# enabling the key presses and linking them to the keys the user presses
win.onkey(q_key, "q")
win.onkey(w_key, "w")
win.onkey(e_key, "e")
win.onkey(a_key, "a")
win.onkey(r_key, "r")
# telling the program to listen for key presses
win.listen()
# enabling the sub processes to work while still letting the whole program work
win.mainloop()

pillphil

With code tags

# importing turtle graphics library
import turtle
# importing sin, pi, e math functions
from math import sin, pi, e
# creating a turtle object named terry
terry = turtle.Turtle()
# creating a turtle object named yertle
yertle = turtle.Turtle()
# creating a screen to show turtle graphics
win = turtle.Screen()
# setting screen back round color to yellow
win.bgcolor("yellow")
# enabling a user input to take in an integer number for pensize
pensize = win.numinput("", "Please pick a pensize from 1-3")
# linking integer value for pensize to object terry
terry.pensize(pensize)
# hiding the shape of the object yertle and moving it to top left of screen
yertle.hideturtle()
yertle.penup()
yertle.goto(-300, 250)
yertle.pendown()
# telling object yertle to write user instructions on screen and move down a line each time
yertle.write("Press the Q key to draw shape 1", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
yertle.penup()
yertle.goto(-300, 230)
yertle.pendown()
yertle.write("Press the W key to draw shape 2", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
yertle.penup()
yertle.goto(-300, 210)
yertle.pendown()
yertle.write("Press the E key to draw shape 3", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
yertle.penup()
yertle.goto(-300, 190)
yertle.pendown()
yertle.write("Press the A key to draw shape 4", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
yertle.penup()
yertle.goto(-300, 170)
yertle.pendown()
yertle.write("Press the R key to reset the screen", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))


# defining the first shape
def harmonograph1():
    # these values set the frequency of the object
    f1 = 10
    f2 = 3
    f3 = 1
    f4 = 2
    # these values tell the object what value of pi to use when moving
    p1 = 0
    p2 = 0
    p3 = pi / 2
    p4 = 0
    # these values tell the object the rate of decay as it moves
    d1 = 0.039
    d2 = 0.006
    d3 = 0.00
    d4 = 0.0045
    # this value sets the time interval for the object
    t = 0
    # this value is for time x decay
    dt = 0.05
    # creating a loop to draw the shape
    for i in range(2500):
        # enabling the program to make a selection of color depending on where it is in the loop
        if i < 750:
            terry.color("red")
        else:
            terry.color("black")
        # sets the speed of the object
        terry.speed(0)
        # this is the maths that sets the objects position as it moves and draws the shape
        x1 = 100 * sin(f1 * t + p1) * e ** (-t * d1) + 100 * sin(f2 * t + p2) * e ** (-t * d2)
        y1 = 100 * sin(f3 * t + p3) * e ** (-t * d3) + 100 * sin(f4 * t + p4) * e ** (-t * d4)
        terry.setpos(x1, y1)
        t += dt


# defining the second shape using the same maths as shape 1 but with different values of frequency/pi/decay
def harmonograph2():
    f5 = 3.001
    f6 = 2
    f7 = 3
    f8 = 2
    p5 = 0
    p6 = 0
    p7 = pi/2
    p8 = 3*pi/2
    d5 = 0.004
    d6 = 0.0065
    d7 = 0.008
    d8 = 0.019
    t = 0
    dt = 0.05
    # creating loop to draw shape 2/ hide the object shape and set the pen color to red
    for i in range(2500):
        terry.hideturtle()
        terry.pencolor("red")
        x2 = 100 * sin(f5 * t + p5) * e ** (-t * d5) + 100 * sin(f6 * t + p6) * e ** (-t * d6)
        y2 = 100 * sin(f7 * t + p7) * e ** (-t * d7) + 100 * sin(f8 * t + p8) * e ** (-t * d8)
        terry.setpos(x2, y2)
        t += dt


# defining the 3rd shape using the same maths as shape 1 but with different values of frequency/pi/decay
def harmonograph3():
    f1 = 2
    f2 = 6
    f3 = 1.002
    f4 = 3
    p1 = pi/16
    p2 = 3*pi/2
    p3 = 13*pi/16
    p4 = pi
    d1 = 0.02
    d2 = 0.0315
    d3 = 0.02
    d4 = 0.02
    t = 0
    dt = 0.05
    # creating loop to draw shape 3/ hide the object shape and set the pen color to dark blue
    for i in range(1500):
        terry.hideturtle()
        terry.color("dark blue")
        x1 = 100 * sin(f1 * t + p1) * e ** (-t * d1) + 100 * sin(f2 * t + p2) * e ** (-t * d2)
        y1 = 100 * sin(f3 * t + p3) * e ** (-t * d3) + 100 * sin(f4 * t + p4) * e ** (-t * d4)
        terry.setpos(x1, y1)
        t += dt


# defining the 4th shape using the same maths as shape 1 but with different values of frequency/pi/decay
def harmonograph4():
    f1 = 2.01
    f2 = 3
    f3 = 3
    f4 = 2
    p1 = 0
    p2 = 7*pi/16
    p3 = 0
    p4 = 0
    d1 = 0.085
    d2 = 0.00
    d3 = 0.065
    d4 = 0.00
    t = 0
    dt = 0.05
    # creating loop to draw shape 4, hide the object shape and set the pen color to black
    for i in range(1500):
        terry.hideturtle()
        terry.pencolor("black")
        x1 = 100 * sin(f1 * t + p1) * e ** (-t * d1) + 100 * sin(f2 * t + p2) * e ** (-t * d2)
        y1 = 100 * sin(f3 * t + p3) * e ** (-t * d3) + 100 * sin(f4 * t + p4) * e ** (-t * d4)
        terry.setpos(x1, y1)
        t += dt


# creating a function to draw shape 1 on press of key Q by user
def q_key():
    harmonograph1()


# creating a function to draw shape 2 on press of key W by user
def w_key():
    harmonograph2()


# creating a function to draw shape 3 on press of key E by user
def e_key():
    harmonograph3()


# creating a function to draw shape 4 on press of key A by user
def a_key():
    harmonograph4()


# creating a function to reset screen on press of key R by user
# this function also rewrites the instructions for the user after the screen is reset
def r_key():
    win.resetscreen()
    yertle.hideturtle()
    yertle.penup()
    yertle.goto(-300, 250)
    yertle.pendown()
    yertle.write("Press the Q key to draw shape 1", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
    yertle.penup()
    yertle.goto(-300, 230)
    yertle.pendown()
    yertle.write("Press the W key to draw shape 2", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
    yertle.penup()
    yertle.goto(-300, 210)
    yertle.pendown()
    yertle.write("Press the E key to draw shape 3", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
    yertle.penup()
    yertle.goto(-300, 190)
    yertle.pendown()
    yertle.write("Press the A key to draw shape 4", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
    yertle.penup()
    yertle.goto(-300, 170)
    yertle.pendown()
    yertle.write("Press the R key to reset the screen", move="true", align="left", font=("calibre", 10, "normal"))
    # this part of the function keeps the pensize the same as the size chosen by user at the start of the program
    terry.pensize(pensize)


# enabling the key presses and linking them to the keys the user presses
win.onkey(q_key, "q")
win.onkey(w_key, "w")
win.onkey(e_key, "e")
win.onkey(a_key, "a")
win.onkey(r_key, "r")
# telling the program to listen for key presses
win.listen()
# enabling the sub processes to work while still letting the whole program work
win.mainloop()

pillphil

Probably no harm posting this so. It's slow, possibly because I calculate the 3 electron positions each time instead of creating a circular list of tuples like Talisman suggested. Or maybe because draw each electron one after the other instead of simultaneously.

I did a quick refactor to remove some duplicated code, so it's not great.

import turtle
import math

import numpy

terry = turtle.Turtle()
terry.hideturtle()

electron_shape = [[turtle.Turtle(), 30], [turtle.Turtle(), 90], [turtle.Turtle(), 150]]

terry.speed(0)
win = turtle.Screen()
win.bgcolor("white")
win.screensize(1000, 1000)

terry.goto(0, 0)

# create orbit ellipses
for i in [30, 60, 60]:
    terry.color("black", "")
    terry.shape("circle")
    terry.shapesize(8, 20)
    terry.tilt(i)
    terry.stamp()
    terry.pencolor("black")


def circle():
    terry.begin_fill()
    terry.fillcolor("blue")
    terry.circle(20)
    terry.end_fill()


def circle2():
    terry.begin_fill()
    terry.fillcolor("red")
    terry.circle(20)
    terry.end_fill()


def electron():
    terry.begin_fill()
    terry.fillcolor("yellow")
    terry.circle(1)
    terry.end_fill()


def getx(a, theta):
    return a * math.cos(theta * 0.0174533)  # convert theta radian to degree


def gety(b, theta):
    return b * math.sin(theta * 0.0174533)


def rotate(x, y, theta):
    one = [[math.cos(theta * 0.0174533), -math.sin(theta * 0.0174533)], [math.sin(theta * 0.0174533), math.cos(theta * 0.0174533)]]
    two = [[x], [y]]
    return numpy.dot(one, two)


degrees = 30
counter = 1
while degrees < 360:
    terry.penup()
    terry.goto(getx(30, degrees), gety(30, degrees)-10)  # -10 moves the circles to the centre
    terry.pendown()

    if counter % 2 == 0:
        circle()
    else:
        circle2()

    degrees += 60
    counter += 1


terry.penup()
terry.goto(0, -10)
terry.pendown()
circle()
terry.penup()

for e in electron_shape:
    e[0].hideturtle()
    e[0].penup()
    e[0].shape("circle")
    e[0].shapesize(1)
    e[0].fillcolor('yellow')
    e[0].speed(0)

while True:
    for x in range(0, 360):
        for e in electron_shape:
            thing = rotate(getx(200, x), gety(80, x), e[1])
            e[0].penup()
            e[0].goto(thing[0][0], thing[1][0])
            e[0].pendown()

            e[0].showturtle()

win.exitonclick()

Talisman

In the spirit of sharing here's my completely over engineered solution.

import itertools
import math
from tkinter import *
from turtle import ScrolledCanvas, RawTurtle, TurtleScreen

def linspace(a, b, n=100):
    """
    Generates a linearly spaced list
    y = linspace(x1,x2) returns a list of 100 evenly spaced points between x1 and x2.
    y = linspace(x1,x2,n) generates a list of n points. The spacing between the points is (x2-x1)/(n-1).
    :param a: start
    :param b: stop
    :param n: number of elements
    :return: list of floating point numbers
    """
    if n < 2:
        return b
    diff = (float(b) - a)/(n - 1)
    return [diff * i + a  for i in range(n)]

# create linearly spaced list for ellipses
SPACED = linspace(0, 2*math.pi, 100)

def fill_circle(x, y, color=None, radius=None, t=None):
    """
    Draws a circle with fill colour.
    :param x: centre of circle x coordinate
    :param y: centre of circle y coordinate
    :param color: fill colour
    :param radius: circle radius
    :param t: turtle instance
    :return: None
    """
    if color is None:
        color = "blue"
    if radius is None:
        radius = 15
    if t is None:
        global turtle
        t = turtle
    t.hideturtle()
    # move turtle
    t.penup()
    t.goto(x, y)
    # fill circle
    t.pendown()
    t.begin_fill()
    t.fillcolor(color)
    t.circle(radius)
    t.end_fill()

def draw_nucleus(nucleus):
    """
    Draws the circles which make up the nucleus of the animation.
    :param nucleus: a list of tuples (x, y, color) which defines the elements for the atom nucleus.
    :return: None
    """
    global turtle
    turtle.hideturtle()
    for el in nucleus:
        fill_circle(el[0], el[1], el[2])

def switch_list(a_list):
    """
    Splits a list of elements into two parts and swaps their order.
    :param a_list: a list
    :return: a list
    """
    half = len(a_list) // 2
    start = a_list[:half]
    end = a_list[half:]
    return [*end, *start]

def ellipse_coord(the,angle=45,radm=160,radn=90,x0=0,y0=0,cos=math.cos,sin=math.sin):
    """
    Returns tuple (x,y) for point on ellipse.
    :param the: length of line segment
    :param angle: angle
    :param radm: major axis length (m)
    :param radn: minor axis length (n)
    :param x0: x coordinate of centre of ellipse
    :param y0: y coordinate of centre of ellipse
    :param cos: cosine function
    :param sin: sine function
    :return: a tuple (x, y)
    """
    co, si = cos(angle), sin(angle)
    X = radm * cos(the) * co - si * radn * sin(the) + x0
    Y = radm * cos(the) * si + co * radn * sin(the) + y0
    return (X, Y)

def get_ellipse_path(angle, switch=False, spaced=SPACED):
    """
    Generates an iterable list of points on an ellipse.
    :param angle: launch angle for elliptical path
    :param switch: Boolean - determines whether halves of list should be swapped
    :param spaced: linearly spaced list of points
    :return: iterator with path coordinates
    """
    path = [ellipse_coord(val, angle) for val in spaced]
    if switch:
        path = switch_list( path )
    return path

def new_electron(color="grey", cnvs=None):
    """
    Creates a new electron (turtle instance).
    :param color: fill colour string value
    :param cnvs: canvas on which to create turtle
    :return: new turtle instance
    """
    shape="circle"
    outline="black"
    if cnvs is None:
        global canvas
        cnvs = canvas
    el = RawTurtle(cnvs)
    el.hideturtle()
    el.penup()
    el.shape(shape)
    el.shapesize(0.5,0.5)
    el.color(outline, color)
    return el

def show_electron_state(el, path):
    """
    Displays the electron at the next point on the path.
    :param el: turtle instance
    :param path: iterator with path coordinates
    :return: None
    """
    coord = next(path)
    el.goto( coord[0], coord[1] )
    el.showturtle()

def draw_elliptical_path(path, t=None):
    """
    Draw the path of the orbit.
    :param path: list of tuples
    :param t: turtle instace
    :return: None
    """
    if t is None:
        global turtle
        t = turtle
    t.hideturtle()
    t.penup()
    first = path[0]
    # position the turtle at the first coordinate
    t.goto(first[0], first[1])
    # begin drawing
    t.pendown()
    # draw each segment of the path
    for coord in path:
        t.goto(coord[0], coord[1])
    # complete the ellipse
    t.goto(first[0], first[1])
    # stop drawing
    t.penup()

def screenClicked(x,y):
    import os
    os._exit(1)

def main():
    screen.onclick(screenClicked)

    # draw the nucleus
    nucleus = [ (20, 15, "blue"), (0, 25, "red"), (-20, 15, "blue"), (-20, -10, "red"),
                (5, -25, "blue"), (20, -10, "red"), (0, 0, "blue") ]
    draw_nucleus(nucleus)

    # create the 3 elliptical electron paths
    path_configs = [(-5, True), (120, False), (260, False)]
    electron_paths = [get_ellipse_path(param[0], param[1]) for param in path_configs]

    # slight optimisation
    num_electrons = range(len(path_configs))

    # draw the electron paths
    for path in electron_paths:
        draw_elliptical_path(path)

    # create the electron orbits
    electron_orbits = [itertools.cycle(path) for path in electron_paths]

    # create the electron turtles
    electrons = [new_electron() for _ in num_electrons]

    # animate the electrons
    while True:
        for index in num_electrons:
            show_electron_state(electrons[index], electron_orbits[index])

root = Tk()
canvas = ScrolledCanvas(root)
canvas.pack(side=LEFT)
screen = TurtleScreen(canvas)
turtle = RawTurtle(canvas)
turtle.up()
turtle.hideturtle()
turtle.speed(0)
turtle.pencolor("black")
screen.bgcolor("white")
screen.screensize(300, 300)

main()

Talisman

tommyboy26 wrote: »

no i could not get it too work. so i had a chat with my lecturer and went a different route

here is the code if anyone wants to run the program to see what it does
there is alot :P:P

Good effort but it's a lot of repeated code. You should become comfortable with using functions to make the code more manageable.

For example, each shape uses the same maths equation so the equation is an obvious thing to encapsulate in a function:

def xy_function(f1, p1, d1, f2, p2, d2, t):
    return 100 * sin(f1 * t + p1) * e ** (-t * d1) + 100 * sin(f2 * t + p2) * e ** (-t * d2)

The code in each harmonographX() function is then simplified. e.g. in harmonograph4():

x1 = xy_function(f1, p1, d1, f2, p2, d2, t)
y1 = xy_function(f3, p3, d3, f4, p4, d4, t)

Because only the values the functions use are different you can reduce them to a single function which takes a list of parameters.
The following function takes 3 containers as arguments f, p, d.

def harmonograph(f, p, d, t=0, dt=0.05):
    for i in range(1500):
        terry.hideturtle()
        terry.pencolor("black")
        x1 = xy_function(f[0], p[0], d[0], f[1], p[1], d[1], t)
        y1 = xy_function(f[2], p[2], d[2], f[3], p[3], d[3], t)
        terry.setpos(x1, y1)
        t += dt

Now your harmonograph4() function becomes:

def harmonograph4():
    f1 = 2.01
    f2 = 3
    f3 = 3
    f4 = 2
    p1 = 0
    p2 = 7*pi/16
    p3 = 0
    p4 = 0
    d1 = 0.085
    d2 = 0.00
    d3 = 0.065
    d4 = 0.00
    t = 0
    dt = 0.05
    harmograph((f1,f2,f3,f4), (p1,p2,p3,p4), (d1,d2,d3,d4), t, dt)

And if you are ready to walk on the wild side and reduce the volume of pesky variables passed as function parameters.

f = (f1, f2, f3, f4)
p = (p1, p2, p3, p4)
d = (d1, d2, d3, d4)
harmonograph(f, p, d, t, dt)

No need to stop there. Get rid of the f1..f4 etc. by using the values directly.

def harmonograph4():
    # these values set the frequency of the object
    f = (2.01, 3, 3, 2)
    # these values tell the object what value of pi to use when moving
    p = (0, 7*pi/16, 0, 0)
    # these values tell the object the rate of decay as it moves
    d = (0.085, 0.00, 0.065, 0.00)
    # this value sets the time interval for the object
    t = 0
    # this value is for time x decay
    dt = 0.5
    harmonograph(f, p, d, t, dt)

I used tuples as the container data structure for the list of values because they are immutable. This means you can't accidentally change a value after the container has been created.