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Anro wrote: »

Could anyone give me an answer on how the french revoluion influenced people in Ireland, I was looking through my history books and couldn't really find an answer.

Basicly it encouraged people like wolfe tone to demand reform and eventualy rebel to try to gain control of Ireland.

anybody got any notes on da vinci?

JC Man wrote: »

Could anyone give an essay/ points for an essay on de Valera please.

If anyone wants notes on anything ask and I'll try to help.

Thanks in advance.

I'll type one up for you later.

I think I'm just going to post here all night, it's good revision and it also helps others.

Before the industrial revolution, Irish people made cloth in their own homes: woolen cloth was mainly produced in the Southern half of the country while linen cloth was mainly produced in the Northern half of the country. When industrialisation began, factories making cotton were set up on rivers mainly in the Dublin area. But when steam power became common, Ireland had a problem as there was very little coal here. Using cheap coal, British firms could produce woolen and cotton cloth more cheaply than Irish firms which closed down. The linen industry survived because not much linen was produced in Britain. Wealthy men set up linen factories in the Belfast area. Soon all linen manufacturing was located there. By 1850, Belfast was becoming an industrial city like Manchester, while other Irish cities had very little industry.

The population of Ireland doubled between 1780 and 1840 from 4 million to 8 million. But without factories most of the extra people had to make a living from farming. Wealthy landlords owned all the land in Ireland: they lived in big
houses with many servants to work for them and they divided their land into farms which they rented to farmers. Farmers paid rent to landlords for their farms. Some farmers had big crops and were well off, they grew crops like wheat and barley and kept cattle. They lived in comfortable houses and sent their children to school. They employed labourers (called cottiers) to work for them. They paid the cottiers by giving them small plots of land where they built cottages and grew potatoes. Other farmers made jobs for their children by subdividing their farms among them. This produced many tiny farms.

By 1840 about 3 million Irish people were either cottiers or farmers with tiny farms of less than 5 acres. They were very poor. Families lived in one-roomed cabins with mud walls and a thatched roof. Often they shared the cabin with chickens and pigs which they sold to help them pay the rent. Sometimes the men in the family went to Britain to work for rich farmers there and earn money for the rent. Potatoes were their main food. On one acre of land they could grow enough potatoes to feed a family for a year. Sometimes they also had milk or a piece of bacon or fish.

In 1845 the blight destroyed some potatoes. In 1846 it wiped out the whole crop. Over 3 million people were left without their main food. Many went to the workhouses which were set up to give shelter to the poor in ordinary times but not in a famine. Workhouses were soon packed with desperate people. Disease spread rapidly in them and many died. Other starving people flooded into towns and villages to beg for help. Private charities run by landlords, priests and others set up "soup kitchens" where people were fed each day. People from around the world sent money to help them.

The British government refused to give out free food. They set up public works (building roads, etc.) where people could earn money to buy food. This policy failed, without potatoes the price of other food went up and people were too weak to earn enough to pay for it. In 1847, after many had died, the British let the workhouses set up soup kitchens and give out free food.

Ireland was greatly changed by the famine. The population fell from 8.1 million in 1841 to 6.5 million in 1851. About 1 million people died of starvation. Another million emigrated to Britain, Canada or the USA. Most of those who died or left were cottiers and small farmers. Their land went to bigger farmers. Farmers no longer subdivided their land. After the famine emigration continued and the population went on falling for the rest of the 19th century. Many emigrants went to Britain where they got work in the new factories. Many endured the long sea voyage to the US where they formed large Irish communities. They often sent money to help Irish people who were fighting against British rule. Parents wanted children to know English when they left the country, so they encouraged children to forget Irish. Irish people blamed the British government for the famine and the demand for Irish independence grew.

Weather is the result of changes in temperature, rainfall, wind, atmospheric pressure, humidity and sunshine at a particular place at a particular time.

The sun provides heat for planet earth. However, the sun's heat is not evenly spread over the earth's surface due to latitude and the spherical shape of the earth. Latitude refers to angular distance north or south of the equator. The further a place is from the equator, the colder it is. At the equator, the rays from the sun shine almost directly onto the earth. The sun's rays have a shorter distance to travel and so produce great heat. Further away from the equator, the sun's rays have a greater distance to travel. These rays are not as strong as those at the equator and so do not contain as much heat. As a result the North and South Poles are much colder than the equator.

The atmosphere surrounding the planet is made up of a number of gases. These gases include nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour and carbon dioxide. These gases do not float away into space. In fact they are pulled towards the earth's surface due to gravity. The air, therefore, has weight. This weight acting upon the earth is called pressure. Pressure is measured in millibars. There are two types of pressure - low pressure and high pressure. Air that is heated expands and rises into the atmosphere resulting in low pressure. Air that is cooled becomes heavier and falls forming an area of high pressure. Winds always blow from areas of high pressure to low pressure. There are seven zones of pressure of the earth, three zones of low pressure and four zones of high pressure. Pressure is low at the equator due to the great heat from the sun's rays. The warm air rises and drifts towards 30'N and 30'S. At this latitude the air is colder and high pressure exists. This air then drifts back towards the equator because wind blows from high pressure to low pressure. At the North and South Poles the air is colder due to their distance from the equator. The North and South Poles are areas of high pressure. Winds blow from these high pressure areas to the areas of low pressure at 60'N and 60'S.

Winds blow from high pressure to low pressure. This movement from high pressure to low pressure is responsible for the earth's six major wind systems, three of which occur in the northern hemisphere and three in the southern hemisphere. There three winds of the nothern hemisphere are: the north-east polar winds, the south westerlies and the north-east trade winds. The three winds of the southern hemisphere are: the south-east polar winds, the north westerlies and the south-east trade winds. Winds in the northern hemisphere are deflected to the right, while winds in the southern hemisphere are deflected to the left. The winds are named due to the direction from which they blow. The prevailing wind is the name given to the most frequent wind that blows in an area. In Ireland the prevailing wind comes from the south-west.

Ocean currents occur due to the unequal heating of the sea. They are movements of water from hot area to cold areas. At the equator seas are very warm while at the poles seas are very cold. Ocean currents from the equator bring warm water while ocean currents from the poles bring cold water. Due to the earth's rotation from west to east currents in the northern hemisphere are deflected to the right while currents in the southern hemisphere are deflected to the left. The North Atlantic Drift and the Labrador Current are two examples of ocean currents. The North Atlantic Drift influences Ireland. It is a warm current which passes the west coast of Ireland. It ensures that Irish ports are kept ice-free during winter. The Labrador Current is a cold current which affects Greenland and Canada. This cold current causes temperatures to drop causing harbours and ports to freeze during the winter.

All moisture falling from the atmosphere, rain, snow, hail and sleet is referred to as precipitation. In Ireland the most common form on precipitation is rainfall. There are three types of rainfall. Relief rain occurs when moisture-laden air coming in from the sea is forced to rise over mountains. When this air rises it cools and condensation takes place. Rain then falls on the windward side of the mountain. The leeward of sheltered side of the mountain recieves little or no rain. It is a rain shadow area. Relief rain occurs along the west coast of Ireland. Convectional rainfall occurs in equatorial climates and on hot sunny days in Ireland. The sun's rays heat the ground. The warmed air rises. As it rises it cools and condensation occurs. Clouds are formed and rain falls. Cyclonic or frontal rainfall occurs when warm air meets cold air. When this happens the warm air is forced to rise. As it rise it cools and condensation occurs, resulting in the formation of clouds. Heavy showers can follow. Cyclonic rainfall is very common in Ireland.

Ascending or rising air and descending or falling air create different weather patterns. When air is warmed it rises, creating low pressure. As it rises it cools and condensation occurs forming clouds which bring rain. Depressions or cyclones are associated with low-pressure areas. Depressions bring strong winds, heavy rainfall and cloudy days. Cold air falls forming high pressure. As the cold air falls it gets warmer. There is no condensation and clouds do not form. Consequently rainfall is unlikely to occur. These areas of high pressure are called anti-cyclones. During the summer they bring clear blue skies and sunny weather. In the winter anti-cyclones bring fine days but cold dry nights.

There are three types of settlement. Nucleated or clustered settlements are settlements where the buildings are grouped together. Linear settlements are settlements which occur in a line, e.g. along a road. Dispersed settlement occurs when settlement is found all over an area. There is no definite pattern.

Factors that influence distribution of nucleated settlement in Ireland can be physical or social. Physical factors include altitude, drainage patterns and land quality. Social factors include the influence of history and primacy of Dublin. Most Irish towns are found in low-lying areas. Settlement avoids mountainous areas. The land is too steep and exposed. Transportation is always a problem in upland areas. Settlement tends to locate in low-lying river valleys. The river was used as a mode of transport and as a source of water for industrial and domestic use. Rivers also provided alluvium - a very fertile soil for agriculture. Rivers also acted as bridging or crossing points. At the crossing points trade developed. Dublin grew up as a crossing point on the Liffey. Low-lying fertile land always attracts settlement. The land is most fertile on the easy coast. On the west coast the land is of poor quality. Rainfall is also greater. Consequently, towns on the east side act as market towns for their hinterland. Due to poor land on the west many settlers settled along the coast establishing fishing communities.

The Vikings arrived in 840AD and settled at river mouths along the east and south coasts, e.g. Dublin, Wexford & Waterford. During the monastic period monasteries were established, often in very remote places, for example Glendalough. The monasteries attracted settlement and towns developed. The Normans introduced castles to Ireland. Castles were built for defensive purposes. Settlement was attracted to the castle and towns developed as a result, e.g. Kilkenny & Athlone. The Plantations of the 16th & 17th centuries introduced planned towns into Ireland. Portlaoise was developed during the Laois/Offaly Plantation. Youghal was established during the Munster Plantation. The towns of Donegal and Monaghan were established during the Ulster Plantation. Individual landlords often built towns on their estates. Adare in Co. Limerick was built by a landlord to add to the appearance of his estate. During the 20th century many Irish towns and especially Dublin developed rapidly. Dublin has grown so fast that it is referred to as a primate city. A primate city is a city that is at least twice as big as the country's next largest city. Dublin has developed into a primate city because it is the seat of government, it's location on the east coast is ideal for trading with Britain & the EU, it is the focus of major routeways and it countains the headquarters of Ireland's major financial institutions. Satellite towns such as Tallaght and Maynooth have developed around Dublin to ease the pressure on the capital city. Dublin acts as a magnet for economic growth. As a result many rapidly growing settlements, e.g. Tallaght have developed in a clustered pattern around Dublin. Dublin has become a focus of routeways. Towns on the main routeways, often called growth corridors, have developed due to their accessibility to Dublin city. These towns form a linear pattern of settlement along these routes or corridors.

Settlement along the River Rhine:
The Rhine rises in the Swiss Alps and enters the North Sea at Rotterdam. It flows through four countries: Switzerland, France, Germany and Holland. The river acts as a major transport artery for importing and exporting goods. The Rivery Rhine serves Basle in Switzerland. It is Switzerland's major port. Barges transport goods along the Rhine to Basle. One of it's famous tributaries is the River Ruhr which meets the Rhine at Duisburg. The valley of the Ruhr contains one of Europe's largest coalfields. However, the best coal seams have been exhausted and the enviroment has been damaged. Chemicals, steel are cars are still produced there. The Rhine meets the North Sea at Rotterdam which is regarded as the world's greatest port. It is an entrepot port - the goods are warehoused and stored until they are needed in other parts of Europe. In 1970, Europoort was built to cater for larger ocean going vessels and oil tankers.

Settlement along the River Shannon:
The River Shannon is Ireland's longest river. It has attracted settlement since the earliest times. Many major Irish towns have grown up along the banks of the Shannon. Carrick-on-Shannon and Longford developed as market towns on the Shannon. Athlone developed as a crossing point on the Shannon. In earlier times it performed a defensive role. It is now a centre of tourism and education. Shannonbridge is a resource-based settlement. It is famous for its peat burning ESB power station. Killaloe is a tourist centre, offering boating activities on Lough Derg and the Shannon. Limerick performed a defensive function in days gone by. Today it is a multifunctional city. It is an industrial centre, an educational centre, a tourist centre and a medical centre. It also acts as a port.

Limerick:
Churches have occupied sites in Limerick since Norman times e.g. St Mary's Cathedral. Currently an administrative centre for a number of dioceses. Located on a wide deep sheltered estuary of the River Shannon. It contains docking facilities for heavy industry, e.g. Auginish Alumina. It is centrally located on the fertile floodplain of the River Shannon. It is located at the lowest bridging point of the Shannon and as a result has become a focus of routeways for the surrounding hinterland.

Cologne:
Christian origins in Cologne date back from 200AD, e.g. world famous Gothic cathedral. Currently the administrative centre for it's archdioceses. Located on the wide deep River Rhine with a sheltered inland location. It is accessible to other European and international ports. It is situated at the meeting point of canal, rail and River Rhine traffic. It contains docking facilities for heavy industrial and agricultural exports. It is centrally located on the fertile floodplain of the River Rhine. It is located at a bridging point of the Rhine and as a result has become a focus of routeways for the surrounding hinterland.

Cheers DKZ for that essay on de Valera. Helps a lot!

Also thanks for the other notes u put up.



ps. How do you put your name in the 'Thanks from' bit?

I can't find a thumb!?!?

Not there, mate?! :o