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1679111228

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  • Closed Accounts Posts: 2,347 ✭✭✭Closed ac


    Soil:

    The Components Of Soil:

    1. Mineral Matter - Soil is made up of rock which has been subjected to weathering and erosion over a long period of time. These rocks are broken down into tiny particles. These tiny particles form the basic component of soil.

    2. Humus - Humus is made up of dead organic matter, i.e. dead animals and plants. Humus makes the soil fertile. Fertile soils are black and dark brown in colour.

    3. Micro-organisms - Organisms such as bacteria or fungi break down the dead organic matter to form humus.

    4. Air - Air provides the oxygen vital for plant life and the survival of micro-organisms which help to produce humus.

    5. Water - Rainwater help to dissolve minerals which are needed to feed plants. The rainwater also helps to distribute the minerals throughout the soil.

    The Soils Of Ireland: Podzols, Brown earth soils, peat soils and gleys.

    Podzols:
    - Infertile soils due to a lack of humus
    - Not suitable for farming
    - Grey in colour due to leaching
    - Support coniferous forest
    - Also used for rough grazing
    - Found in upland areas

    Brown Earth Soils:
    - Very fertile due to high humus content
    - Ideal for agriculture
    - Brown in colour because there is no leaching
    - Support decidous forests which provide plant litter
    - Found in the East, Midlands and South


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 2,014 ✭✭✭Colm!


    Serious respect for you DKZ


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 329 ✭✭mista_2k10


    Do you think that stuff will come up?


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 2,347 ✭✭✭Closed ac


    Rivers: (I really think this is coming up)

    The Life-Cycle of a River:

    1. The Youthful Stage:

    The river begins its life cycle in the mountains. It's aim is to reach the lake or the sea as quickly as possible so it makes its way downwards by means of vertical erosion. Both its volume and load are small. Vertical erosion loosens material along the bed of the river.

    Features:
    - V Shaped Valleys
    - Interlocking Spurs
    - Potholes
    - Waterfalls

    2. The Mature Stage:

    In the mature stage the river's volume and speed have increased. The river undergoes lateral erosion. The banks of the river are widened. The eroded material is transported to the old-age stage.

    Features:
    - Meanders
    - Ox Bow Lakes

    3. The Old-Age Stage:

    The river is now entering the end of its life-cycle. All of the eroded and transported material from the youthful and mature stage is now deposited along the bed and banks of the river.

    Features:
    - Levees
    - Deltas

    Erosion:

    Meanders & Ox Bow Lakes - In the mature stage of the river, both the river's volume and load have increased. The volume of the river has increased because tributaries have joined the main river. The river flowing over more gentle ground. Vertical erosion has stopped and the river erodes by lateral erosion. Lateral erosion leads to the formation of meanders and ox bow lakes.

    Meanders are formed by erosion on the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank. Meanders appear as bends along a river's course.

    During periods of flooding the river will cut across the narrow neck or the dividing land resulting in the meander being cut off forming an ox-bow lake. Eventually the ox bow lake will dry up forming a mort lake.

    Deposition:

    Levees - In the old-age stage the river concentrates on deposition. It is now flowing over very flat land. The river deposits material on its bed causing the level of water to rise. Sometimes this may cause the river to overflow depositing material on its banks. These banks are levees and are often reinforced to prevent the river over-flowing and damaging low-lying land.


  • Registered Users Posts: 6,840 ✭✭✭Luno


    Damien that's all really good! Thanks!


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  • Closed Accounts Posts: 2,347 ✭✭✭Closed ac


    mista_2k10 wrote: »
    Do you think that stuff will come up?

    Yes!


  • Registered Users Posts: 402 ✭✭Tommyrawr


    I <3 You :D
    Here we come on the A train! Choo Choo


  • Registered Users Posts: 360 ✭✭Gentlemanne


    Can someone put up some OS map/aerial photo notes?

    Especially Bridging point, Nodal point, Market centre and other reasons for development


  • Registered Users Posts: 3,849 ✭✭✭bluejay14


    Reasons why it began in Britain
    • Improved agriculture led to an increase in population. A larger population meant that there was a greater demand for goods and more people to produe the goods.
    • Britain had the raw materials of iron ore and coal
    • British colonies provided sources of cotton
    • Transport etc had been steadily improving
    Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
    • James Hargreavers - spinning Jenny could spin 8 threads at a time
    • Richard Arkwright - water frame could spin hundreds of threads
    • John Kay - flying shuttle = faster weaving
    • Edmund Cartwright - power loom = even faster weaving
    • Abraham Darby - converting coal into coke (used for power)
    • Henry Cort - "puddling and rolling" method of making wrought iron
    • Henry Bessemer - Bessemer method of steel making = cheaper steel
    • Thomas Newcome - steam engin pumped water out of mines
    • James Watt - rotary steam engine.
    Results of Industrial Revolution
    • Cost of good decreased as they became more readily available
    • Britain became rich through foreign trade
    • Cotton replaced wool as the main material for making clothes and they became more widely available yet most still only owned few clothes as they were expensive


  • Registered Users Posts: 522 ✭✭✭Glee_GG


    can someone put up a note for michael collins for irish history? ive heard a couple of people mentioning it:/


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  • Registered Users Posts: 140 ✭✭whistlin_boy


    The Berlin Blockade

    Under the Potsdam Agreement of 1945, the victorious Allied powers agreed to split Germany into four different zones. Berlin, being such an important city was also split into four, against Stalin's wishes as Berlin was miles within his territory. The relationship between the Western Allies and the USSR began to cool as the reason for their relationship (fear of Fascism and fear of Hitler) was gone. Also the western allies wished to rebuild the Economy of Germany, using Marshall Aid money. They thought that rebuilding Germany's economy would prevent a resurgence of Nazism. Russia, however feared a revived German economy. One of the Allies plan's to help kick-start Germany's economy was the introduction of a new currency; the Deutsche-mark. However, Stalin was vehemently against this and was in favor of instead leaving the hyper-inflated old currency in place, hoping to destabilize the German economy. The Western Allies went ahead with their plan without Stalin and introduced the new currency. In response to this, Stalin cut all power, communication and travel links to-and-from Berlin. Stalin hoped to stop the introduction of the new currency and possibly even to force the Western Allies out of Berlin. The western allies however had different ideas and instigated one of the largest airlift operations in history. The airlift known as "Operation Vittels" and so many airplanes landed on Berlin's airports at Gatow and Templehof that a new airport had to be build at Tegel with the help of 19'000 volunteers. After one year of Soviet siege, Stalin eventually called of the blockade of Berlin. The first major incident of the Cold War had been won the Western Allies. The three Western allies merged their zones into the Federal Republic of Deutshland (FDR), a democratic country and Stalin turned his zone into the Deutscher Democratic Republic (DDR), a communist country.




  • Just throwing up some French notes for postcard writing since I made them for a friend :)

    Where you are - Je suis ici en France/en Suisse/en Angleterre (England)/en Espagne/ aux Etas Unis/ au Pays Bas (Netherlands)/á Dublin/ á Paris/ á Barcelone

    Who you are with - Je suis avec ma famille/ma soeur/mes amis/ma classe/mon ecole.

    On a school tour - Je suis dans un excursion scolaire.

    When did you arrive? - Je suis arrivé/ Nous sommes arrivés hier/ il y a ______ jours

    You went somewhere yesterday - Je suis allé au/a la/a l' ________ hier.
    - J'ai visité le/la/l' ____________ hier.

    You will visit - Je vais aller/ J'irai __________ demain.

    Where are you staying? - Je reste/ Nous restons dans un hotel/ une auberge de jeunesse (youth hostel)/ un terrain de camping/ un gite (holiday home)

    Where situated? - Au bord de la mer/aux montagnes (mountains)/au centre ville.

    What you do every day? - Je joue au golf/au foot/ au volley
    - Je fais de la natation (swimming)/ du promenades (wallking)/ de la voile (sailing)
    -Je me bronze (sunbathing)
    Tous les jours = everyday.

    When will you return? - Je retournerai la semaine prochaine/le weekend prochain

    You are enjoying yourself - Je m'amuse bien

    There's a lot to see and do here - Il y a beaucoup a faire et a voir ici.

    Weather - It's too hot = Il est trop chaud
    The sky is blue = Le ciel est bleu
    Heatwave = C'est la canicule
    It's cloudy = Il y a des nuages (It's not cloudy = il n'y a pas de nuages) NO 's' at de
    It's raining = Il pleut
    It's foggy = Il est broillard
    It's snowing = Il neige
    Strong winds = Des vents forts!

    If you need any phrases I've left out, just ask :D


  • Registered Users Posts: 6,840 ✭✭✭Luno


    Q 4: People In History
    A named religious reformer at the time of the Reformation.

    John Calvin was born in France in the year 1509. His parents raised him as a Catholic. Calvin questioned the Catholic Church and studied the writings of Martin Luther and also he studied the bible.
    Calvin went to Geneva in the hop to build a church but it was too severe a time and instead he returned a few years later to build his church. John Calvin believed Rome was the city of the devil.
    Calvin's main beliefs were that God had selected a few who would go to heaven and to hell. Those who were saved and went to heaven were called the elect. The only source of teachings of Christ in Calvin's eyes was the bible. The only two sacraments Calvin believed in was Baptism and the Eucharist.
    Calvin's followers grew as well as his church. The church was run by four different groups which included pastors who preached and conducted services, teachers who ran the schools and educated people to read the bible, Deacons who took care of the elderly and the sick and Elders who acted like a secret police. They encouraged people to spy on others and enforced Calvin's strict rules!
    Calvin's rules included if found drunk a fine had to be paid, if caught singing or dancing which was immoral a jail sentence for three days and if someone was caught gambling they faced a very severe punishment such as being burned at the stake.
    There are many reasons why Calvin's church had so many followers. People believed he would lead the to heaven. Others took inspiration for Calvin and set up churches in their own areas such as John Knox of Scotland who set up the Presbyterian Church.


  • Registered Users Posts: 6,840 ✭✭✭Luno


    Some people were worried about a formal letter coming out so here is some notes! :pac:

    La Lettre Formelle

    NOTE: The two addresses should be opposite eachother not on different lines like mine I couldn't get them to be opposite eachother!
    John McCarthy
    5 Cross Road
    Mallow
    Cork
    Irlande
    Cork le 30 mai 2010
    Monsieur le directeur
    Hôtel de Rivoli
    Rue de Rivoli
    1898 Paris
    France

    Monsieur,

    [ phrases etc here]

    Veuillez agréer, Monsieur, l'expression de mes sentiments distingués.

    John McCarthy

    PHRASES:

    Je cous écris de la part de.. : I'm writing on behalf of...
    Je voudrais des renseignements : I'd like some information
    Sur la région / la ville / le camping : About the region / town / campsite
    je coureais une liste d'hôtels / d'auberges de jeunesse : I'd likea list of hotels / outh hostels
    Une liste de vos tarifs : A price list
    Veuilles indiquer le tarif de ce séjour : Please let us know the price of this stay
    Nouse voudrions réserver un emplacement à l'ombre : We would like to book a site in the shade
    Voulez-vous nour m'envoter un dépliant sur les sites touristiques : Would you please send me a leaflet about the tourist attractions
    Nouse comptons passer une semaine : We intend spending a week
    nouse sommes quatre : There are four of us
    Je voudrais / nous voudrions rester en demi-pension : I / We would like to stay half-board
    Un ascenseur : A lift
    La climatisation : Air conditioning
    Qu'est-ce qu'il y a à voir et à faire? : What is there to see and do?
    J'attends confirmation de votre part : I look forward to hearing from you


  • Registered Users Posts: 402 ✭✭Tommyrawr


    Tommyrawr wrote: »
    Right hand corner put the 9h or whatever hour
    Mme. Anselmet, -Feminine older Person (use vous for older people)
    M. Jackque's, - Male older
    Michel,
    Aurelie, (use Te for same agegroup)

    Juste un petit mot pour vous/te dire que- Just a quick note to say

    Reasons
    J'ai appelé à votre maison, mais vous n'y étiez pas. - I called to your house but you were not there
    vous/Te dormiez- You were asleep
    vous étiez au travail- You were at work
    vous/te visite votre/Ton famille - you were visiting your family/relatives

    je Sortir a (time)h - i have left at ___

    je vais a la (grand) ville pour im going to the city for
    /mon cheveux a coupé a la chez la coiffeur/ my hair cut at the barbers/ hairdressers
    nage dans ce piscine publique/ to go swimming in the public pool
    d'aller au cinéma pour voir Sex and the city 2 - to go the cinema to see ''sex and the city 2''

    (je vais) a la plage im going to the beach
    /a la discotheque/ to the disco
    a la boite de nuit/ to the nightclub
    au parc/ to the park
    au centre commercial to the shopping center

    Pour le Matin- for the morning
    /Le soir/for the evening
    le midi/ for midday
    la nuit/ for the night

    Je Serai de retour - i Will return
    Pour - For
    avant-Before
    apres- After
    15/3 heures - 3 o clock
    la Diner the dinner
    le déjeuner - the lunch
    La petit déjeuner - the breckfast

    á tout á l'heure, - See you later

    (your Name)

    heres some notes i made a week ago =P


  • Registered Users Posts: 2,419 ✭✭✭WanderingSoul


    Informal Letter (French)

    Dublin, le 2 mai

    Cher Paul,
    Chère Paula,


    Comment ça va? Moi je vais très bien. Quoi de neuf? Je te remercie de ta lettre.


    [Body of Letter]


    Donne-moi de tes nouvelles. Je te verrai ce week-end.


    Écris-moi vite,
    Bisous,
    Marc.


    1. Myself and my family

    J’ai les yeux bleus et les cheveux noirs.
    Je suis petit.
    Je suis gentil.
    Ma mère est infirmière/professeur.
    Ma soeur est malade. Elle a de la grippe.

    2. Interests, Hobbies and Friends

    Mon meilleur ami s’appelle Paul.
    Je le connais depuis 10 ans.
    J’aime la musique.
    Je joue du piano.
    Mon group préférée s’appelle Westlife.
    Je vais au concert et mes amis.

    3. My area.

    Mon quartier est grand.
    Il est situé au bord de la mer.
    Il y a 1000 habitants.
    Il y a beaucoup de choses à faire et à voir.

    4. My part-time job.

    Le samedi, je travaille au supermarché.
    Je vends les merchandises.
    Je arrange les rayons.
    Je travaille 6 heures par jour.
    Je achete des vêtements le crédit pour mon portable.

    5. My school, subjects and exams.

    Je vais a une école mixte.
    J’étudie pour le Brevet.
    J’étuide les matières comme:
    l’anglais
    les maths
    le gaelique
    le science
    l’histoire
    la geo
    Je fais mes devoirs.
    J’adore les examens. C’est facile.

    6a. Activities (Present Tense).

    Je vais au club des jeunes.
    Le soir, je fais mes devoirs.
    Je regarde la télé.
    Je vais en ville avec mes amis.
    Je joue au sport.
    Je vais au cinema.

    6b. Activities (Future Tense).

    J’irai au club des jeunes.
    Le soir, je ferai mes devoirs.
    Je regarderai la télé.
    J’irai en ville avec mes amis.
    Je jouerai au sport.
    J’irai au cinema.

    7. Thank-you’s.

    Merci beaucoup pour le cadeau/mon sejour chez toi.
    J’ai reçu ton cadeau et ta carte.
    J’adore la musique de Westlife. C’est super!
    Je suis allé au cinéma avec mes amis.
    J’ai vu Avatar. C’était génial.

    8. Inviting the penpal to stay.

    J’écris pour te demander si tu peux venir passer une semaine chez moi à Noël.
    Nous irons au cinéma/au concert.
    Je te remercie de ton invitation.
    J’aimerais beaucoup venir passer deux semaines chez toi.
    Je peux venir en avion le 2 juin.




    If anyone wants any translations for any particular phrases, just let me know.


  • Registered Users Posts: 402 ✭✭Tommyrawr


    Anyone have Notes on the Archaeolgist at work thats tipped to come up tommorow?


  • Registered Users Posts: 402 ✭✭Tommyrawr


    Leaving Messages

    A. Gone Out


    - I’ve gone… Suis allé(e)
    Je suis allé(e)
    -Where? En ville
    Chez Mary
    au cinéma
    à la plage
    à la poste
    à la piscine
    -To do what?(pour) acheter des cadeaux/ des timbres
    Poster des letters
    Voir le dernier film de Harry Potter
    Diner au restaurant/ chez Mary
    Render visite à Mary
    Fêter l’anniversaire de Mary
    -With whom? (avec) mon ami(e)
    Mon copain
    Ma copine
    Hélène
    Mes amis/copains
    -Will be back… Je rentre (I’m coming home)
    Je reviens (I’m coming back)
    Je rentrerai (I will come home)
    Je reviendrai (I will come back)
    De retour (Be back)
    Je serai de retour (I will be back)
    -When? Avant minuit
    à 10h
    vers 4h
    dans trois heures
    une demi-heure
    trois quart d’heure
    une quart d’heure
    avant l’heure du déjeuner
    du repas
    du diner
    dans une heure environ/ à peu
    près (approximately)
    quelques heures (a few)
    -Don’t worry Ne vous inquiétez pas
    Ne t’inquiète pas
    -Don’t wait for me Ne m’attendez pas
    Ne m’attends pas
    -Don’t forget that.. N’oubliez pas que…
    N’oublie pas que…
    -Don’t forget to… N’oubliez pas de… (+ infinitive)
    N’oublie pas de…(+ infinitive)
    -Mary rang. She will ring back this evening
    Mary a téléphone. Elle rappellera ce soir.

    B. Called by, you’re not there


    -Called by suis passé(e)
    Je suis passé(e)
    -When? Ce matin
    Aujourd’hui
    Vers 4h
    à midi
    cet après-midi
    ce soir
    plus tard
    -Why? (pour) te dire bonjour
    Te voir
    Te render tes cassettes
    T’inviter à déjeuner en ville
    Voir si tu voulais venir au ciné
    Ça fait longtemps que je ne t’ai pas
    Vu(e) (I haven’t seen you for ages)
    -But there’s no one home mais il n’y a personne
    Il n’y avait personne
    Tu n’es pas là
    Tu n’étaiz pas là
    -What a pity! Quel dommage!
    -What a disappointment! Quelle deception!
    -Too bad! Tant pis!
    -We’ll do it another time ce sera pour une autre fois
    -You can still come if you’re free tu peux toujours
    Venir si tu es libre
    -Ring me Appelle-moi
    Téléphone-moi
    -Give me a buzz Donne-moi un coup de fil

    C. Changing Plans


    -Unfortunately Malheureusement
    -I won’t be able to Je ne pourrai pas (venir +infinitive)
    -It won’t be possible. Ce ne sera pas possible.
    -It won’t be possible to.. Il ne sera pas possible de
    (venir + infinitive)

    -As arranged Comme prevu
    -I’m sorry, but.. Je suis désolé(e), mais…
    Je regrette, mais…
    -Because… Parce que ( + verb)
    -Because of… à cause de ( +noun, pronoun)
    -I hope you understand J’espère que vous comprenez
    Jespère que tu comprends

    D. Suggesting

    - Let’s go../ Would you like Ça te dit d’aller(+ infinitive)
    To go../ We could go… Si on allait…
    - Do you want to go? Tu veux aller
    - Would you like to go? Tu aimerais aller
    - We could go On pourrait aller
    - Why not go? Pourquoi pas aller?
    - Do you want to come with us? Veux-tu nous
    Accompagner
    -Do you want to come with me? Veux-tu
    M’accompagner

    E. Arranging to Meet


    -We could meet… On pourrait se retrouver…
    -Meet me… Retrouve-moi
    -Meet us… Retrouve-moi
    -Where? Devant la gare
    Devant la Maison du Tourisme
    Chez Marc
    Au cinema
    Au theatre
    Au café
    Au restaurant
    Au centre commercial
    Au lac
    Au camping
    À la piscine
    À la plage
    À la gare
    à la Maison du Jeunes
    -O.K.? D’accord?
    awesome ty


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 2,347 ✭✭✭Closed ac


    The Evangelists:

    Mark - Mark is the author of the first gospel. His gospel was written in 70CE. Mark wrote his gospel for Christians living in Rome who were suffering from persecution. The theme of his gospel is that "Jesus had to suffer too", therefore relating to what the Roman Christians were going through. The symbol of Mark's gospel is a lion. Mark based his gospel on evidence from Peter, one of the apostles. Mark's gospel is a synoptic gospel.

    Matthew - Matthew was a tax collector and he was one of Jesus' apostles. He wrote his gospel around the same time as Luke, in 85CE. Mark wrote his gospel for Christians living in Antioch, which was in modern-day Turkey. The theme of Matthew's gospel is that "Jesus is the human messiah". The symbol of Matthew's gospel is a man. This is to show that Jesus was the messiah and was fully human. Matthew based his gospel on Paul's gospel, his own life and a mysterious and anonymous document called Q, of which no copies exist today. Matthew's gospel is a synoptic gospel.

    Luke - Luke was a doctor and was a gentile until he converted to Chrisitanity. He wrote his gospel around the same time as Matthew, in 85CE. Luke wrote his gospel for non-Christians living in Corinth, which is in Greece. He wrote his gospel for non-Christians in an attempt to convert them to Christianity, like he had himself done. The theme of Luke's gospel is that "Jesus is the saviour of all people." This was to show them that God loved all people, Christians and non-Christians. The symbol of Luke's gospel is the Ox. Luke based his gospel on the document Q, Mark's gospel and on his travels with Paul, the Christian missionary. Luke's gospel is a synoptic gospel.

    John - John is said to be on of the lesser known apostles of Jesus, who outlived the others and was not killed because of his faith. He is known as Jesus' "beloved one". John was the final evangelist, he wrote his gospel in 95CE. John wrote his gospel for Jewish Christians living in Ephesus, which is in Turkey. The theme of John's gospel is that "Jesus is the Messiah and the Son of God". The symbol of John's gospel is the eagle, which symbolises with resurrection and acsension of Jesus. John based his gospel entirely on his own life as an apostle. John's gospel is not a synoptic gospel as it is not similar to the other gospels and also because he did not use Mark's gospel as a reference.


  • Registered Users Posts: 2,419 ✭✭✭WanderingSoul


    Informal Notes

    10h30
    Chère Marie,

    Je laisse ce petit mot pour te dire que . . .

    [Body of Note]

    Je serai de retour à une heure.

    À ce soir,
    Marc.


    1. Opening Phrases

    Je t’envoie cet e-mail/ce fax pour te dire que . . .
    Je suis allé au ville et j’ai attendu devant le café une demie heure.

    2. What you are doing

    Je vais faire des magasins avec mes amis.
    Je vais prendre un café.
    Je vais à la piscine/au cinéma.
    Je joue au foot/au basket.
    Je fais de la natation.

    3. Say you’ll call later

    Je te téléphonerai plus tard.
    Je passerai chez toi cet après-midi.

    4. Inviting the person along

    Ça te dirait de venir avec moi/nous?

    5. Say when you will be back

    Je serai de retour à une heure.
    Je serai de retour dans deux heures.

    6. Ending

    À ce soir,
    À tout à l’heure,
    À Demain,


    Formal Notes

    10h30
    Chère Mme. Dumal,

    Je laisse ce petit mot pour vous dire que . . .

    [Body of Note]

    Je serai de retour avant le dîner.

    Cordialement,
    Marc.


    1. Opening Phrases

    Je laisse ce petit mot pour vous dire que . . .
    - Mathieu m’a téléphoné.
    - Luc m’invité aller au cinéma.
    - Je suis désolé.

    Je vous écris pour . . .
    - vous faire savoir que je suis sort.
    - vous informer que je n’ai pas fait mes devoirs.
    - vous présenter mes excuses.

    2. Ending

    Je serai de retour avant le dîner.
    Je ne vais pas tarder, je vous assure.
    J’attends votre réponse.
    Je vous prie d’accepter mes excuses.

    Formal Letter

    Martin Doyle,
    4 Summerfield Drive,
    Patrickswell,
    Co. Limerick

    Limerick, le 2 avril

    M. Sibut,
    Hôtel de la Paix,
    Rue du 14 Juillet,
    75000 Paris,
    France.


    Monsieur/Madame,

    [Body of Letter]

    Je vous prie d’agréer, Monsieur/Madame, l’expression de mes sentiments distingués.

    Martin Doyle

    1. Requesting Information

    Voulez-vous m’envoyer des informations sur . . .
    - la ville de Lyon.
    - les hôtels.
    Je voudrais savoir . . .
    - ce qu’il y à faire et à voir à Lyon.
    - les horaires d’ouverture des magasins.
    - où est le cinéma.

    2. A Complaint

    J’ai regret de vous informer que je ne suis pas satisfait de mon séjour à votre hôtel.
    Je suis déçu.
    Le service était terrible.
    L’hôtel était sale.
    Les garçons étaient impolis.
    J’espère que vous ne tardez pas à me donner satisfaction.
    Si non, je me verrai obligé de m’adresser au bureau de tourisme.

    3. A Recommendation

    J’ai le plaisir de vous informer que je suis très satisfait de mon repas à votre hôtel.
    Je suis ravi.
    La nourriture était excellente.
    Le restaurant était propre.
    Je reviendrai avec mes amis.

    4. Applying for a job

    Je suis que vous demandez un au pair.
    Je suis interessé par ce poste.
    J’aime les enfants.
    Je me permets de vous offrir mes services.
    Trouvez ci-joint mon CV.
    Pour connaître mes aptitudes comme employé, je vous prie de vais adresser à.

    5. Writing about lost property

    J’ai perdu mon ipod.
    J’ai laissé mon ipod dans votre hôtel.
    On m’a volé mon ipod.
    C’est un ipod de grand valeur.
    J’espère que vous ne tarderez pas à faire les recherches nécessaires.

    6. Booking Hotel

    Je voudrais passer une semaine à votre hôtel/au camping/à l’auberge de jeunesse.
    Avez-vous un emplacement pair une tente?
    Je voudrais réserver une chambre.
    Nous arriverons le 2 mai.
    Nous partirons le 8 mai.
    J’aimerais savoir vos tarifs.
    J’attends confirmation de votre part.

    7. Ending

    Je vous prie d’agréer, Monsieur/Madame, l’expression de mes sentiments distingués.




    Again, if you need translations, just ask.


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  • Registered Users Posts: 1,171 ✭✭✭kevin12345


    Summary of the Munster Plantation:
    The Monarch: Queen Elizabeth 1 ordered the plantation.
    The immediate cause: The Fitzgeralds of Munster rebelled against the Queen in 1579 and were finally defeated in 1583. The Queen then confiscated their lands.
    The Plantation: Half - a - million acres of Fitzgerald land in Kerry, Cork, Limerick and Waterford were given to English Undertakers who were English/Scottish gentlemen who were each given estates of 4000,8000 or 12000 acres at a small annual rent. They could NOT rent Irish tenants. They had to build stone houses with bawns surrounding them as protection. They had to follow the Protestant religion.
    The result: The plantation failed because not enough English undertakers came to Ireland. Most of those who did come broke their promise by taking in Irish tenants/slaves. But the planters did succeed in bringing English farming methods to Munster and set up new towns eg. Killarney :C


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 2,347 ✭✭✭Closed ac


    Q4 (A) i.
    The Archaeologist:


    Archaeologists find out about about the past by studying the thinks people left behind them. These things are called artefacts. Artefacts give archaeologists evidence about what happened in the past. Artefacts are primary sources as they come directly from the time being studied, examples are houses, tools, pottery and weapons.
    Archaeologists find artefacts by digging or excavating in places where people once lived. They usually decided to excavate: near old buildings such as castles, in the centre of cities when old houses are being replaced, where aerial photographs show signs of old fields or houses or at places connected to stories or legend like the Hill of Tara.
    After deciding on the site for the excavation, the archaeologists: make a plan of the site, dig very carefully using trowels and brushes, photograph or draw each artefact they find, mark on the site plan where each artefact was found and send each find to a museum where it is dated and studied.
    Archaeologists use the artefacts they find as evidence about the lives of people who lived on the site long ago. From bones, shells and seeds they learn what people ate. From pollen they learn what crops they grew. From post holes they learn the shape and size of their houses. From scraps of cloth or bits of leather, they learn about their dress. From burials they learn about their culture and religion.
    Archaeologists have three ways of finding how old an artefact is. The deeper down in the soil an object is the older it is. This is called stratigraphy. Living matter (i.e. animals and plants) contain carbon. After death, the carbon slowly leaks away. By measuring how much is left, archaeologists can tell how old an object is. This is called carbon dating. Finally, trees which grow at the same time have a similar pattern of tree rings. By comparing the pattern of rings in old pieces of timber, archaeologists can work out when the tree grew. This is called dendrochronology.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 2,347 ✭✭✭Closed ac


    Q4 (A) ii.
    A Medieval Craftsman/Townsperson


    For centuries after the fall of the Roman empire, Europe was disturbed by wars. Merchants could not trade safely and towns declined. However, after 1000 AD life became more peaceful, trade increased and towns revived.
    Because medieval roads were bad, most goods were carried on the sea or along rivers, o that is where most medieval towns developed. Towns brought wealth to an area, so kings and lords gave charters to townspeople. Charters allowed townspeople to elect their own rulers and decide their own taxes.
    Because wars were still common, townspeople built walls for protection. Gates in the walls were protected with gatehouses and were shut at sunset. One paved street, often called High Street, crossed the town from one gate to another. Other streets were unpaved lanes that got muddy when it rained. Rich merchants lived on High Street. Their houses, built partly of wood and partly of stone, had two or three storeys. The upper storey often leaned out in the street. Poorer people lived in single-storey wooden houses on the back lanes. The front room in many houses was also a shop. The family lived at the back and made goods there which were sold in the shop. Townspeople built handsome stone churches where they could worship God. Because there was no way of disposing of waste, people threw it into the street or over the walls. As a result, disease was common. When a plague, the Black Death, came in 1345 up to a third of townspeople died.
    Many townspeople worked at a craft. There were butchers, bakers, tailors, fishmongers, carpenters, masons, goldsmiths and so on. Each craft had its own guild. The guilds set exams to check that every craftsmen knew his trade, checked the quality of the goods the craftsmen made and set wages for workers and provided help for members in sickness and old age.
    To be admitted to a guild, a boy had to go through three stages. At twelve he went to work for a master as an apprentice. He lived in the master's house and had to work without pay. It was illegal to leave his master. After seven years he became a journeyman. He could now travel to look for better wages from another master. To become a master,the journeyman had to make a "masterpiece" and show it to the guild. If it was good enough he could join the guild, open his own shop and employ apprentices and journeymen.
    An elected corporation ruled medieval towns: in theory all men in a town could vote for the corporation, but in most places only masters in the guild were allowed to vote. To protect the town from its enemies, the corporation had to keep the walls in good repair and see that they were guarded. To avoid disease, it had to keep the town clean and supply clean water. To stop fire from destroying the wooden houses, it enforced a curfew. That meant that the townspeople had to put of their fires at night.
    Towns were centres of trade: The corporation organised a weekly market. Peasants from the countryside came to sell their produce to the townspeople and buy things they needed from the craftsmen's shops. The corporation also organised annual fairs on the fair green outside the walls. Foreign merchants came to buy local produce and sell things the locals could produce themselves like wine, iron and furs. There were also singers, jugglers, fortune tellers and people with strange animals. The corporation charged people a toll if they wanted to sell at its markets or fairs.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 2,347 ✭✭✭Closed ac


    Q4 (A) iii.
    A named religious reformer


    Jean Calvin - The main reformer in Switzerland was a Frenchman, Jean Calvin. He was born in 1509 into a Catholic family. As a student in Paris, Calvin became interested in Luther's ideas and converted to Protestantism. When the king of France began to persecute Protestants, Calvin fled to Switzerland. The people of Geneva asked him to help them set up a Protestant Church. He spent the rest of his life there.
    Calvin shared many of Luther's ideas but he some that were different. He thought that God decided in advance who should go to heaven. Nothing a person did could change that. This idea is called "predestination". Neither popes nor princes should rule the Church. Instead the people in a parish should elect their own leaders, who would be called elders or presbyters.
    Calvin tried to make Geneva into a "city of God". Gambling and dancing were forbidden. People had to wear dark, sober clothes. He believed that churches should be very plain with no statues, music or flowers. But he set up schools so that all children could learn to read and write. Reformers from around Europe admired Calvin and went to study in Geneva. When they returned home, they took his ideas with them. John Knox brought Calvin's ideas to Scotland and from there they spread to Ireland. Because of this, Calvin's version of the Reformation spread to more countries than Luther's. Jean Calvin died in 1564.


  • Registered Users Posts: 402 ✭✭Tommyrawr


    DKZ wrote: »
    Q4 (A) iii.
    A named religious reformer

    John Calvin - The main reformer in Switzerland was a Frenchman, Jiohn Calvin. He was born in 1509 into a Catholic family. As a student in Paris, Calvin became interested in Luther's ideas and converted to Protestantism. When the king of France began to persecute Protestants, Calvin fled to Switzerland. The people of Geneva asked him to help them set up a Protestant Church. He spent the rest of his life there.
    Calvin shared many of Luther's ideas but he some that were different. He thought that God decided in advance who should go to heaven. Nothing a person did could change that. This idea is called "predestination". Neither popes nor princes should rule the Church. Instead the people in a parish should elect their own leaders, who would be called elders or presbyters.
    Calvin tried to make Geneva into a "city of God". Gambling and dancing were forbidden. People had to wear dark, sober clothes. He believed that churches should be very plain with no statues, music or flowers. But he set up schools so that all children could learn to read and write. Reformers from around Europe admired Calvin and went to study in Geneva. When they returned home, they took his ideas with them. John Knox brought Calvin's ideas to Scotland and from there they spread to Ireland. Because of this, Calvin's version of the Reformation spread to more countries than Luther's. John Calvin died in 1564.

    Thanks hopefully this comes up!
    (its John Calvin btw ;)


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 2,347 ✭✭✭Closed ac


    Tommyrawr wrote: »
    Thanks hopefully this comes up!
    (its John Calvin btw ;)

    Jean Calvin actually. He was French. Jean is the French for John.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 2,347 ✭✭✭Closed ac


    Q4 (B) i.
    A Named Revolutionary Leader:


    Theobald Wolfetone was a Dublin-born Protestant. A person's religion was very important in the 18th century. There were three main religions: Catholics, Presbyterians and Anglicans. The Penal Laws discriminated Catholics, they left them poor and powerless. Presbyterians were also slightly discriminated by the Anglicans as they would not allow them to sit in government jobs. Anglicans were divided into two groups, The Protestant Ascendancy, who controlled almost all the land and jobs and then the rest who had little wealth or power. Wolfetone belonged to this group.

    Wolfetone belonged to the Church of Ireland but his family were not rich enough to be part of the Protestant Ascendancy. He studied law in Trinity College, but was more interested in politics. When the French revolution broke out, he welcomed it, hoping for "liberty, equality and fraternity" in Ireland too. In 1791 Presbyterians in Belfast set up a club to work for these ideas. Tone suggested they campaign against the Penal Laws. To convince them, he wrote a short book called "An Argument on behalf of the Catholics of Ireland". In it, Tone said that religious divisions were bad for Ireland. Many people were impressed by what he wrote and he was invited by Belfast Presbyterians him to join them in setting up the Society of United Irishmen.

    The aims of the United Irishmen were to unite Irish people of all religions, reform the Irish parliament and reduce the power of the British government in Ireland. At first they worked peacefully for these aims, but in 1793 Britain went to war with France. The British thought that anyone who sympathised with French ideas was dangerous and watched the United Irishmen closely. When they found Tone talking to a French spy they forced him to leave Ireland for America and outlawed the UI.

    New leaders took over after Tone left. They turned the UI into a secret society and planned a rebellion to set up an Irish republic. Tone knew they would need outside help. He went to France to persuade the French to send an army to Ireland. They listened to him and sent an army of 15,000 headed for Ireland. In December 1796 the army set out but their ships rant into terrible storms and had to go back to France.

    This frightened the Ascendancy and the British government. They decided to destroy the UI before another French army could arrive. They used spies to uncover their plans and introduced a reign of terror in Ulster & Leinster. This then led to rebellions in Leinster, Wexford and Ulster which were unsuccessful. In Paris, Wolfe Tone at last persuaded the French to send more troops but they came too late to help the rebels. 1,100 men landed in Killala in Co. Mayo. Thousands of local people joined them. They defeated a small British army at Castlebar but then lost to a much larger force at Ballinamuck. A little later a small French fleet arrived in Lough Swilly in Donegal. Wolfe Tone was on board. The British navy captured them. Tone was sent to Dublin where he was tried and sentenced to hang. The asked to be shot like a soldier and when that was refused he committed suicide.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 2,347 ✭✭✭Closed ac


    Q4 (B) ii.
    A named political leader in Ireland:


    Éamon De Valera was an American-born Irishman who fought for Irish independence throughout the early 20th century. When the Anglo-Irish Treaty was formed between Ireland and Britain, De Valera was unhappy with the terms and opposed it. This led to the Irish Civil War, 1922-1923 between the pro-treaty and anti-treaty sides. De Valera and his followers lost the war and stayed out of Irish parliament affairs until 1926. He broke his links with the IRA and set up a new party called Fianna Fáil. De Valera and the Fianna Fáil TD's took the oath to the King of England, as set out in the Anglo-Irish Treaty and entered the Dáil. Fianna Fáil came up with new economic policies and promised to dismantle the treaty with Britain. As a result of this, they won the 1932 general election and De Valera became the head of government. He and Fianna Fáil remained in office until 1948.

    Fianna Fáil quickly abolished the oath to the King and also imposed tariffs (taxes) on imports, most of which came from Britain. This angered the British who retaliated by putting taxes on Irish cattle going to Britain, this led to the "economic war" between the two countries until 1938. De Valera always opposed the treaty with Britain and once in power he began to dismantle it. First he removed the oath and downgraded the Governor General. In 1936 he removed the King as the head of state. De Valera wanted an Irish-made constitution, so in 1937 he brought in "Bunracht na hÉireann". In it the country was called "Ireland" or "Eire", Irish was it's official language, the head of state was the President and head of government was the Taoiseach. The constitution could only be changed by a vote of all people. In 1937 the people voted for the constitution in the first referendum in Irish history.

    By 1938 - De Valera wanted peace with Britain. The Treaty was dead and Hitler threatened war. After talks, the Anglo-Irish Agreements were signed in 1938. This ended the economic war and trade returned as normal. When the Second World War began in September 1939, De Valera announced the country would be neutral. De Valera appointed Sean Lemass as Minister for Supplies to deal with rationing, this included gas and electricity. Due to this, many industries closed, unemployment was high and people went to Britain for work. De Valera passed the Offences Against the State Act when the IRA threatened Ireland's neutrality. This allowed him to imprison them without trial. During the war, De Valera followed a pro-British policy where he passed on information the the British and allowed the Irish to join the British forces.

    World War II ended in 1945 but shortages of food and fuel continued. People blamed De Valera and Fianna Fáil who had been in power for 16 years. In the 1948 general election Fianna Fáil lost support and instead Ireland's first Inter-Party government was elected. The 1950's were unstable and the government changed several times. In Fianna Fáil, De Valera, who was 70 years old, retired as Taoiseach and Séan Lemass took over. De Valera was then elected as President of Ireland.


  • Closed Accounts Posts: 2,347 ✭✭✭Closed ac


    Possibly will come up - Ireland during the Industrial Revolution:

    Before the industrial revolution, Irish people made cloth in their own homes: woolen cloth was mainly produced in the Southern half of the country while linen cloth was mainly produced in the Northern half of the country. When industrialisation began, factories making cotton were set up on rivers mainly in the Dublin area. But when steam power became common, Ireland had a problem as there was very little coal here. Using cheap coal, British firms could produce woolen and cotton cloth more cheaply than Irish firms which closed down. The linen industry survived because not much linen was produced in Britain. Wealthy men set up linen factories in the Belfast area. Soon all linen manufacturing was located there. By 1850, Belfast was becoming an industrial city like Manchester, while other Irish cities had very little industry.

    The population of Ireland doubled between 1780 and 1840 from 4 million to 8 million. But without factories most of the extra people had to make a living from farming. Wealthy landlords owned all the land in Ireland: they lived in big
    houses with many servants to work for them and they divided their land into farms which they rented to farmers. Farmers paid rent to landlords for their farms. Some farmers had big crops and were well off, they grew crops like wheat and barley and kept cattle. They lived in comfortable houses and sent their children to school. They employed labourers (called cottiers) to work for them. They paid the cottiers by giving them small plots of land where they built cottages and grew potatoes. Other farmers made jobs for their children by subdividing their farms among them. This produced many tiny farms.

    By 1840 about 3 million Irish people were either cottiers or farmers with tiny farms of less than 5 acres. They were very poor. Families lived in one-roomed cabins with mud walls and a thatched roof. Often they shared the cabin with chickens and pigs which they sold to help them pay the rent. Sometimes the men in the family went to Britain to work for rich farmers there and earn money for the rent. Potatoes were their main food. On one acre of land they could grow enough potatoes to feed a family for a year. Sometimes they also had milk or a piece of bacon or fish.

    In 1845 the blight destroyed some potatoes. In 1846 it wiped out the whole crop. Over 3 million people were left without their main food. Many went to the workhouses which were set up to give shelter to the poor in ordinary times but not in a famine. Workhouses were soon packed with desperate people. Disease spread rapidly in them and many died. Other starving people flooded into towns and villages to beg for help. Private charities run by landlords, priests and others set up "soup kitchens" where people were fed each day. People from around the world sent money to help them.

    The British government refused to give out free food. They set up public works (building roads, etc.) where people could earn money to buy food. This policy failed, without potatoes the price of other food went up and people were too weak to earn enough to pay for it. In 1847, after many had died, the British let the workhouses set up soup kitchens and give out free food.

    Ireland was greatly changed by the famine. The population fell from 8.1 million in 1841 to 6.5 million in 1851. About 1 million people died of starvation. Another million emigrated to Britain, Canada or the USA. Most of those who died or left were cottiers and small farmers. Their land went to bigger farmers. Farmers no longer subdivided their land. After the famine emigration continued and the population went on falling for the rest of the 19th century. Many emigrants went to Britain where they got work in the new factories. Many endured the long sea voyage to the US where they formed large Irish communities. They often sent money to help Irish people who were fighting against British rule. Parents wanted children to know English when they left the country, so they encouraged children to forget Irish. Irish people blamed the British government for the famine and the demand for Irish independence grew.


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  • Closed Accounts Posts: 2,014 ✭✭✭Colm!


    DKZ: You. are. awesome.


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