Italy

randomfella

PLease post up some notes on italy or correct any incorrect facts i have.

Italy – Regional Division

Plain of Lombardy - Core

CLIMATE AND PRIMARY ACTIVITIES
Climate continental in character
Winters cold, frost snow avg. 0c
800mm – 1000mm averages
Summers hot rising to 30c

Agriculture
Rich soils, retreating glaciers and alluvium deposits from the Po
Deep fertile high yielding soils
Shelter Alps, Apennines
Fontanalli – water soaked in ground meets band of impermeable silts comes to surface in a line of springs. – Irrigation.
Transport and markets level plain easy transportation of produce, affluent markets of 460million. Passes through the Alps e.g. Brenner Pass or Mont Blanc Tunnel.
Well-established partnership between agriculture and industry
Farm products e.g. fertilizers, machinery, chemicals
Wheat maize and barley –used as fodder for cattle, grass, silage, hay, rice (Vercelli)
Dairy farming main pastoral activity
Large urban market heavy processing industry Gorgonzola and Parmesan
Fruit and vegetable
Intensive nature of farming bordering the fields with lines of fruit trees
Asti –world famous producer of wine.
Ligurian coast southern aspect and shelter - flowers fruit
One of the main food processing areas of Western Europe. Contributed significantly to economic growth.

SECONDARY ACTIVITIES
Energy
Imports most of oil from Middle East and North Africa
Genoa, Venice and Trieste important oil ports
Gas discovered Near Milan 1946.
Gas is important from Netherlands Russia and Algeria
Over 10,000km of pipeline across the country.
Gas is used for domestic purposes, industry, power production and as a raw material.
Second only to Ruhr in industrial development importance and expansion.
Turin, Genoa, and Milan form industrial triangle – 40% of industrial exports.
No worthwhile deposits of coal or iron ore, came late into industrial revolution
Boasts good communications level plain, network of pipelines, canals, roads and railways.
Textiles, Food, engineering skills developed since the Renaissance period.
Unskilled labor is provided from the immigration of the south.
High yielding crops – cheese, pasta, milling, canning industry, confectionary, wine, meats, sugar.
Industrial towns provide market.
Metallurgy and Engineering limited iron ore supplies and no coal, both imported, sites at coast to eliminate trans shipment of raw materials.
Venice has a large steel mill.
Steel industry provides raw material for engineering industry.
Shipbuilding at Genoa and Venice
Motor Vehicles – Fiat 150,000 (Turin)
One of the pillars upon which the Italian economy is built – light engineering Electrical goods, radios, televisions, (Olevetti- office equipment)
Textile industry is oldest in the Plain.
Wool and silk were the early industries.
Petro-chemical supplies synthetic trade with its
Worldwide market for clothes – quality of garments, design and workmanship
Suitable sites for import of oil and export of finished products
Cheap h.e.p
Raw materials
Natural gas
Affluent market
Technology
Investment capital.
Genoa - Oil chief import, 2nd port of the Mediterranean after Marseilles.
90% of trade imports, Terminus for CEP (Central European pipeline)

TERTIARY ACTIVITIES
60% of the working population are involved in the service sector banks finance and insurance.
Milan – Italy’s main stock market.
Large banking and financial sector in Turin.
Rome – Capital, service and administration city, primate city of the catholic church. Tourism is very important here. Large tertiary sector. Contains Vatican City.
Venice – The Queen of the Adriatic, St Mark’s Cathedral, history, uniqueness and beauty attract many tourists. Vibrant tourist industry.
More historical wealth than most other Mediterranean lands.
Rome, Florence, Venice, Turin, Milan - treasure houses of Renaissance art and scholarship.
50 million tourists per year provide $15,000 million; much needed foreign currency to help the Balance of Payments.


Mezzigiorno – ‘land of the midday sun’ - Peripheral

CLIMATE
Mediterranean climate
Summer hot and dry – northeast trades (drought)
High evaporation - 27C average
Winter mild and moist southwesterlies 17C doesn’t drop below 8C
Rainfall limited 750 west 450 east => due to Apennines’ rain shadow
Irrigation difficult due to high evaporation => huge handicap to agriculture
Rivers run dry
Under utilization of the land
Over reliance on wheat and olives
Cattle rearing difficult – lack of grass
RELIEF
40% mountain 40% hill
limestone covering thin dry soils
permeable rock
overgrazing – flash floods
Land tenure system
Latifundia – absentee landlords, tenant farmers, uneducated
Minifundia – rising population, subdivision of land => Inefficient workforce
Poor techniques in farming
Lack of infrastructure
Distance from market
Emigration - 8million since 1900
Cassa il per Mezzigiorno 1950 ‘re-organize and develop the south’
1st arm of development – agriculture and infrastructure
Latifundias acquired and redistributed
Irrigation and drainage schemes initiated
Afforestation
Agricultural schools
Co-ops
Food processing
Wheat and olives
30,000km of autostrade extended to south

INDUSTRY - problems
Poor agriculture sector
Emigration
Poor communications
No market and distance from it
Unskilled workforce
Few mineral resources
Illiteracy
SOLUTIONS - Shift to industry 1965
Encourage industrialists by : subsidized transport, generous building and training grants, tax exemptions, subsidies
40% of all state investment to be invested in south
Heavy capital investment industries => heavy engineering, iron and steel, petro-chemical, oil refining these resulted in many agglomeration industries
5growth poles selected Bari, Brindisi, and Taranto (new industrial triangle) Syracuse and Naples.
2million workers moved into the secondary sector from the agriculture sector
Stimulated growth in tertiary sector and jobs
A more balanced economy
As employed workforce increases so does their spending power.

TERTIARY SECTOR
Tourism 3rd arm development of the Cassa
Apennines provide magnificent setting
Relatively new, undiscovered and uncrowded this is a major attraction
Historical wealth from the Renaissance period
Pompeii and its’ volcano.
New autostrade reduces inaccessibility to the toe and heel
Specially constructed scenic routes
15% of Cassa money devoted to tourism
Up to 3,000 hotels and pensions have benefited
Number of tourists to the south has quadrupled in the last 20 years.
new airport built at Calabria
Italian tourist board introduced a national and international campaign to attracting tourists to the south
Naples is the administrative and commercial capital of Mezzigiorno
Tourism has contributed substantially to the socio-economic development of the region.


Alps

Primary activities and Climate
The alps run north from the gulf of Genoa before turning east in a wide arc across the north of the country
Border 4 countries – France, Slovenia, Switzerland and Austria
Alps not that formidable, breached numerous times
Breached in number of passes Brenner pass (Austria)
Winter temperatures few degrees below freezing point
Summer temperatures reaching max of 14C
Sheltered south facing villages have less severe winter
Precipitation averages 1250mm – well distributed
Prosperous agriculture sector in many Alpine valleys
Cool damp areas produce grass and fodder for dairy and beef cattle
Warm dry areas produce cereals and south facing slopes have orchards and vineyards
Steep slopes are forest covered
High mountain pastures used for sheep and transhumance of cattle

Secondary activities
Hydro electricity is important in the energy equation
Instrumental in the Plain of Lombardy’s growth
20% of energy consumption
Main source of H.E.P
Conditions more favorable than Apennines
Alps provide large catchment area for rain and snow
Supply of fuel guaranteed
Numerous rivers are fed by this
Steep slopes – high heads
Great demand in industrialized north
Glaciated highland lakes and reservoirs control flow of water
Supplied electro chemical and electro metallurgical industries
Light engineering in Brescia
Como noted for silk in textile industry

Tertiary Activities
Tourism
Scenic Lakes, Como, Garda and Maggiore
Rugged Peaks, Forested slopes, alpine plants, alpine villages combine to make it an
Attractive tourist destination
Shelter and south facing slopes
Winter sports – fastest expanding – 4months of snow provide resources
Infrastructure of small airports, ski lifts, mountain railways, hotels has been developed for the tourists
Tourism is a major contributor to the economic life of the Alps

jdevlin

you could add in a bit about who the mezzogiorno's poor agriculture is rooted in history. In the past large landowners with large plots(latifundia) sold small plots(minifundia) to tenant farmers. The small plots led to unproductive,old-fashioned,subsistence farming. Landowners were also often absent.

randomfella

thanks but i think i already have that, its actually wrongly under climate i think in the mezzo. But aswel you have to remember that consolidating all that information into 45-50 mins is a challenging task. Anybody have more info on tertiary activities? I always lose marks there but i mean its all thats in the book.

randomfella

bump for whoever wants it.

the smiley one

50 million tourists per year provide $15,000 million;

afaik, that is in the whole of Italy not just the NIP (if it's from the New aspects book that is...)

randomfella

yea but i have to fit that fact somewhere to beef it up a bit. Anything else on tertiary?

the smiley one

nope I've very little on it myself - going to concentrate on secondary and stick something about tertiary in at the end...ah sure 'twil be grand!

Cianan2

Thanks people, im off to record my self reading this onto my mp3 player

segadreamcast

Cianan2 wrote:

Thanks people, im off to record my self reading this onto my mp3 player

Ouch. That's my method.

P.S. Don't bother playing it in your sleep - conclusive proof that it doesn't work, so it's just wasting your batteries.

Flamingfud

Very nice notes. A couple of facts I didn't have there that I'll have to steal off you. Don't worry about fitting in everything in the time limit though. remember, there's only ten marks going for each heading...so don't write three or four pages for one, and five lines for another.

randomfella

Flamingfud wrote:

Very nice notes. A couple of facts I didn't have there that I'll have to steal off you. Don't worry about fitting in everything in the time limit though. remember, there's only ten marks going for each heading...so don't write three or four pages for one, and five lines for another.

yeah we were told though that they mark tertiary easier because they know there isn't as much facts on it as the rest. Can anybody back me up here?

unak

yep, thats true. for my pre only had a short paragraph on tertiary and got 9 whereas had an a4 on primary and got 10...
if it doesnt state to do it under primary, secondary, tertiary cn you still do it under these headings coz thats the way i know it... ??

Flamingfud

Absolutely. If you get the option to choose your own headings you can do whatever you want. I, for example, will dump Tertiary, and instead do Physical, Agricultural, and Industrial.

randomfella

u reckon u could get more out of physical than tertiary?

Con9903

I'm drawing an italy map, and I don't have a clue where the alpine region, plain of lombardy and mezzogiorno are located, I need to draw the borders, anybody got a link to a decent map

randomfella

the line between mezzo and pol is below rome and above naples

its worth 10 marks.

don't spend more than 5mins on it or ur wasting ur time.

its like an s pushed on its side clockwise. try www.google.com

Flamingfud

randomfella wrote:

u reckon u could get more out of physical than tertiary?

Absolutely. Climate, relief, soils. There's at least a page worth for every region in those three sub-headings

randomfella

ahhh u little beauty italy. Oh yes *does dance

my predictions came true. Feel bad for everybody learning 5 countries....


3 regions threw me a bit only did 2 in my study *hangs head in shame

but managed 2 get a good 2 pages on Alps based on hep, transhumance, passes, etc...

Binomate

Mine was complete waffle. I got a good few points in though. My regional was worth a C at most.