[IceCreamGirl]

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRELAND
i) Give two reasons why the 1916 Rising was a military failure.
-capture of the Aud
-capture of Roger Casement
-confusion over orders / postponement
-confusion over 'castle' document
-poor tactics/ not enough soldiers or arms
-no popular support for the Rising before and during Easter week
ii) Mention two consequences of the execution of the leaders of the 1916 Rising
-anger towards the British authorities for the executions of the leaders
-this anger led to a surge in support for Sinn Fein, who were mistakenly thought to have been behind organising the rising.
iii) Why did the Irish Labour Party not contest the 1918 General Election?
-the party wanted independence to be the sole issue of the election
-obvious popularity of Sinn Fein meant that if they did contest the election, their candidates may not have been elected and the party would have lost 'face'


iv) Write an account of two of the following:
a) The War of Independece, 1919-1921
b) The Economic War , 1932 - 1938
c) Life in Northern Ireland during World War II, 1939-1945.

Any 2:
a) The War of Independence, 1919-1921
Possible points

The First Dail
-in the 9118 General Election, Irish voters showed their disapproval of British policy by giving Sinn Fein a landslide victory and they pledged not to go to Westminister but rather set up an Irish Parliament - this parliament met at the Mansion House on 21 January 1919
-this parliament,known as the First Dail, reaffirmed the 1916 Declaration of Independence and the Irish Volunteers were reconsituted as the 'Irish Republican Army' or IRA
Initial hostilities
-on the same day that the First Dail convened on 21 January 1919, several IRA members, led by Sean Treacy and Dan Breen, attacked and shot two RIC officers who were escorting explosives at Soloheadbeg in Co. Tipperary.
-violence spread as other Volunteers began to attack isolated police barracks using guerrilla tactics - fast, violent raids without uniform - searching for arms and funds, targeting and killing prominent members of the British administration.
-others, notable Arthur Griffith, preferred a campaign of civil disobedience rather than armed struggle - the violence was at first deeply unpopular and it took the heavy-handed British response to popularise it among much of the population
-the IRA;s main target throughout the conflict was the mainly Catholic Irish police force, the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), which were the British government's eyes and ears in Ireland - a policy of boycott of RIC members pushed the rate of resignation up and recruitment in Ireland down dramatically.
-often the RIC were reduced to buying food at gunpoint as shops and other businesses refused to deal with them - some RIC men cooperated with the IRA through fear or sympathy, supplying them with valuable information.
-other protests included mass strikes organised by workers in opposition to the British presence in Ireland - a general strike was called in Limerick in April 1919, dockers in Dublin port refused to handle war materials and train drivers refused to carry British forces
-by 1920, increased attacks by the IRA forced the RIC to abandon stations in isolated rural areas and retreat the larger towns

Collapse of the British administration
-By June/July 1920, trials by jury could not be held as jurors would not attend, the collapse of the court system demoralised the RIC, and many police resigned and retired - the Irish Republican Police (IRP) was formed under the authority of Dail Eireann to enforce the ruling of Dail Courts
-in addition, the Inland Revenue ceased to operate in most of Ireland - people were instead encouraged to subscribe to Collins' 'National Loan' set up to raise funds for the new government and its army
-British forces, trying to re-assert their control, often resorted to arbitrary reprisals against Republican activists and the civilian population - in September 1919, British soldiers looted and burned the main businesses of Fermoy, Co. Cork, in retaliation for one of their members having been killed in a raid by the local IRA
-Tomas MacCurtain, the Sinn Fein Lord Mayor of Cork, was shot dead in front of his wife at his home in March 1920 by men with blackened faces who were later seen returning to the local police barracks.

IRA organisation and operations
-Michael Collins, as Minister of Finance in the Republic's government and IRA Director of Intelligence, was the main driving force behind military operations - providing funds and arms to IRA units and selecting officers
-Collins established an effective network of spies in the Dublin Metropolitan Police and other brances of the British administration and set up the 'Squad', a group whose sole task was to seek out and kill British spies and agents
-support from Cumann na mBan and Fianna Eireann was provided by carrying weapons and intelligence and securing food and lodgings for IRA men -the cause also received widespread help from the general population who generally refused to pass information to the RIC and often provided 'safe houses' and provisions to IRA units 'on the run'
-when de Valera reutrned from the US, he demanded that ambushes and killings be stopped as they allowed the British to portray the IRA as a terrorist group; his proposals to take on British forces using conventional methods were immediately dismissed

Martial law
-the British responded to the escalating violence in ireland with increasing use of force - reluctant to reploy the regular British Army in greater numbers, they set up two paramilitary police units to aid the RIC - the 'Black and Tans', mainly ex-British soldiers demobilised after World War I and the 'Auxiliaries', consisting of former British army officers
-both groups rapidly gained a reputation for ill-discipline and mistreatment of the local civilian population and they did more harm to the British government's moral authority in Ireland than any other group - in response to IRA actions, they burned and sacked numerous small towns throughout Ireland
-in August 1920, the British set up military courts of enquiry to cover the whole population and empowered the courts to use the death penalty and internment wihout trial

Intensification of the war
-on 21 November 1920, Collins' squad killed 14 and wounded 5 British agents including members of the 'Cairo Gang' at different places around Dublin- in response, Auxiliaries drove into Coke Park during a football match, shooting into the crowd - 14 civilians were killed including one player, and later that day, 3 prisoners were killed in Dublin Castle - known as 'Bloody Sunday'
-in November 1920, only a week after Bloody Sunday, the west Cork IRA, under Tom Barry, ambushed and killed 17 Auxiliaries at Kilmichael in Co. Cork - signified an escalation of the comflict, with Cork , Kerry, Limerick and Tipperary being put under martial law, and in early 1921, 'official reprisals' were sanctioned that began with the burning of several homes in Midleton, Co. Cork
-the Lord Mayor of Cork, Terence MacSwiney, died on hunger strike in Brixton Prison in London while the centre of Cork was burnt down by British forces in reprisal for an IRA ambush in the city
-the biggest loss for the IRA came when sevaral hundred IRA men from the Dublin Brigade occupied and burned the Custom House (the centre of local government in Ireland) in DUblin in May 1921 - symbolically, this was intended to show that British rule in Ireland was unsustainable - however, from a military point of view, it was a disaster as 5 were killed and over 80 were captured
-by the time of the truce, many leaders, including Collins, were convinced that if the war went on for much longer, the IRA's campaign as it was then organised could be brought to a standstill - plans were drawn up to 'bring the war to England' - key British economic targets would be bombed- however, these plans were abandoned because of the truce

Truce, July 1921 - December 1921
-the War of INdependence ended with a truce on 11 July 1921 - the conflict had reached a stalemate - talks that had looked promising the previous year petered out as David Lloyd George insisted that the IRA first surrender its arms
-fresh talks in the spring resulted inthe truce - the British government thought that the IRA's guerrilla campaign would continue indefinitely, while Collins felt that it could not continue indefinitely due to the lack of arms and ammunition and increased deployment of more regular British soldiers to Ireland
-due to mounting criticism at home and abroad for the actions of British forces in Ireland, the policy of burning houses in reprisal was stopped in June 1921.
-King George V, opening the new Parliament of Northern Ireland, made a fresh appeal for conciliation in Ireland and the speech was well received
-Lloyd George wrote to de Valera suggesting a conference and they agreed to a truce that was intended to end the fighting and start negotiations- delays ensued as the British governemnt insisted that the IRA first decommission its weapons but this demand was eventually dropped - it was also agreeed that British troops would remain confined to their barracks

Treaty, December 1921 - March 1922
-ultimately, the peace talks led to the negotiation of the Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921) which was then ratified by Dail Eireann on 8 January 1922 - the treaty allowed Northern Ireland to opt out of the Free State if it wished and it subsequently did

[IceCreamGirl]

b) The Economic War, 1932 - 1938.
Possible points
-a trade war between Ireland and Britain
-a dispute between Ireland and Britain caused by de Valera not paying the land annuities
-Britain placed a 20% tariff on all Irish agricultural exports - disastrous effect on the cattle industry and agricultural producers as exports were almost halved
-Ireland imposed duty on all British goods coming into country - Irish economy suffered and unemployment and emigration soared
-fall in the standard of living for many farmers and other people /decline in associated agricultural industries
-Ireland agreed to pay £10 million to cover land annuity debts under the Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1938
-Britain agreed to return the Treaty ports (Cobh, Crosshaven and Lough Swilly) under the same agreement

c) Life in Northern Ireland during World War II, 1939 - 1945
Possible points
- as part of the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland participated fully in the war
- its main contributions were manpower, food, armaments and its unique geographical location
-the economy prospered, helped by industries like shipbuilding and factories outputting other war materials
-farmers got higher prices for their produce as demand soared
-American troops stationed there stimulated the local economy
-despite urgings from the Stormont government, conscription was never implemented
-suffered heavy bombings - many houses were demolished and slums were later cleared
-became closer to Britain and partition was further strenghthened due to wartime experiences such as food rationing,etc.
-as part of fears over the invasion of Norther Ireland (Plan Kathleen) or the invasion of the whole island (Plan Green), British and Irish personnel conducted joint planning to repel any German invasion
-joint training between Irish Defence Force personnel and British special operations personnel also took place in Co. Down

[Troxck]

Thanks a million for these! We had similar questions in our mocks and I left out a few of these points. Now I know them, thanks.

[xfabgalx]

Does anyone need any notes?

[Troxck]

Originally Posted by xfabgalx

Does anyone need any notes?

Relationship between two characters from To Kill A Mockingbird please. Or individual notes on Atticus and Scout?

[ImRebecca]

Does anyone have any notes on the book thief?

[xfabgalx]

Originally Posted by Troxck

Relationship between two characters from To Kill A Mockingbird please. Or individual notes on Atticus and Scout?

I didn't study those, sorry.

[briant16]

Anybody have anything on the Olympics games in Irish because I heard it could come up? Or euros 2012 ?

[xfabgalx]

Originally Posted by bluejaymraz

To Kill a Mockingbird

Closing of Novel

• Resolution of plots

· We finally meet Boo Radley
· W learn that he should not be prejudiced and that the gossip and rumours that we have heard about him are untrue
· The novel comes full circle as we learn how Jem broke his arm
· Scout realises that Boo Radley and Tom Robinson are both innocent men and compares them to mockingbirds who do no harm “but sing their hearts out for us”
· Scout sees that she herself, Jem and Dill were prejudiced towards Boo Radley in the same way that Maycomb were prejudiced towards Tom Robinson – she sees that they were both unfairly treated

• Tension

· conversation between Scout, Atticus and Heck Tate
· Heck Tate feels that it would be unfair to put Boo Radley in the spotlight by saying that he killed Bob Ewell
· Heck Tate says that Bob Ewell fell on his knife and killed himself
· Scout agrees with the sheriff as she too feels that “it’d be sort of like shootin’ a mockingbird” and that “it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird”
· Thus is a lesson that Scout has learned from her father and now it is finally being repaid to him
· Scout teaches her father the lesson he once taught her

3. Scout’s Development

· Shows great maturity as she teaches Atticus his own lesson that accusing Boo Radley would “be sort of like shootin’ a mockingbird”
· She shows great maturity when she allows Boo Radley to lead her to his house instead of her leading him = she protects his pride and standing in the community
· She understands that she has to act within society’s expectations of her
· We see that she is still a little girl, even after all that she has been through = we see her climbing onto Atticus’ lap and being read to sleep by him
· She is able to put herself in Boo Radley’s shoes in order to understand the sheriff
· She realises that she can act in her own way and remain true to herself while inside her house but she can project a ladylike appearance on the outside – just as Alexandra did when told about Tom Robinson’s death
· She sees that white lies are acceptable in order to protect a certain person – at start Atticus tells her that they will keep reading if she stays in school, so she won’t embarrass Miss Caroline – white lie about Bob Ewell falling on his knife in order to protect Boo Radley.

Found it way back in this thread!

[xfabgalx]

Originally Posted by bluejaymraz

To Kill a Mockingbird

Setting (World of
Text = Time and Place)

• In the 1950s, when Harper Lee was writing this novel, the state of Alabama was at the centre of racial tension. During this time, Martin Luther King began his civil rights work, giving a voice to African Americans living amongst white people.
• The novel is set in 1930s American, where the Great Depression hit the poorest hardest.
• Throughout the south, blacks and whites were segregated. African Americans used different drinking fountains, entrances to public places and rest room facilities. They also were expected to sit on the back of public buses and were expected to move if a white person needed a seat. In 1955, an African American woman refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery Alabama bus. Her brave and momentous decision sparked a new lease of life to the civil rights movement.
• Harper Lee had many reasons to set her story in the 1930s. Scout, the narrator and protagonist of the story, is a semi-autobiographical character as Harper Lee was about the same age as Scout in the 1930s.
• Harper Lee’s father, like Atticus was a lawyer who became a legal representative in cases against African Americans.
• Maycomb, as created by Lee, is a “tired old town” where little happens, though dangerous prejudices and tensions are always there. Most of the characters are morally good according to their own standards, but these standards are narrow and rigid.
• Maycomb’s population is static and newcomers, even from north Alabama are not accepted easily. People in Maycomb are quite suspicious of outsiders and can feel threatened by unfamiliarity.
• Gossip is rife and so is prejudice. Not only are blacks subjected to racial prejudice, but those who in any way don’t conform are treated as odd, for example Dolphus Raymond and Boo Radley.
• In her novel, Lee’s central character moves from a state of innocence to one of maturity as the result of suffering, questioning and surviving various incidents. One of Scout’s biggest concerns throughout the novel is trying to understand the expectations her society has for women and those who are African Americans.
• In the 1930s women in the south were treated as delicate, fragile creatures and they were expected to act in accordance with that treatment. Scout is anything but delicate and fragile and much of the story focuses on how she tries to fit into a world that expects girls to wear frilly dresses and maintain a fragile and dainty disposition.

Role of Women

• Expected to stay at home
• Miss Maudie is seen as a non-conformist as she works outside in her garden. Very intelligent, not afraid to speak her mind.
• Scout does not wish to be lady, she prefers to be a tomboy
• Aunt Alexandra believes that Atticus is not raising Scout to be a proper lady, she wants her to wear frilly dresses and conform to the traditional view of women
• Not allowed to sit on jury
• Southern Womanhood = very ladylike, not allowed to show much emotion
• Aunt Alexandra likes to fit in with the other ladies so she does not like to voice her opinion in front of them but rather privately
• Missionary tea ladies conform. They are hypocritical = feel sorry for African Tribe but ignore what is happening in their own town
• Look down on people who are inferior to them
• Aunt Alexandra fits into the world of Maycomb like a hand in a glove (something that is meant to be there and fits perfectly)
• Scout has to learn about the code of femininity
• She shows ladylike behaviour by allowing Boo Radley to lead her across the road + down the street
• Scout realised the code of femininity when Aunt Alexandra shows emotion at Tom Robinson’s death and then composing herself and carrying on with the tea party.

Religion

• Christian society
• Do not show Christian morals e.g. love forgiveness, equality
• Atticus is one of the few who do
• Some of the black people are shocked that Calpurnia would bring Scout and Jem to their church
• People in the black community were forced to give money in a church collection for Helen Robinson and her family
• Lynch mob show no compassion as they are willing to kill Tom Robinson – inhumane towards a fellow human being – Walter Cunningham = decent hardworking man
• Foot washing Baptists expect Miss Maudie to stay inside and read the bible
• Missionary tea ladies are hypocritical in the way they feel sorry for African tribe but are not sorry of African Americans in their own community
• Mr Merriweather speaks inhumanely to Sophie (her servant)
• Harper Lee criticises the religion of the people
• Stereotyping( Tom Robinson, Boo Radley, Dolphus Raymond) = label people (race, skin colour, age, gender, social status, family name) – stick through generations of the same family ( “streak” ) = opinions are narrow

There.

[xfabgalx]

http://www.bookrags.com/essay/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

[IceCreamGirl]

3. SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS.

i) What is a secondary source?
-second-hand evidence
-reply on primary sources to produce their materials
-evidence that did not come from the period being studied
-information from a historian and not from the people or events being studied

Example:
-history books, school textbooks, biographies,
ii) What is the main difference between history and archaeology?
History
-history is the study of the past based on written sources
-historians deal with documents
Archaeology
-archaeologists use artefacts
-archaeology is the study of the past based on material remains (houses,bones,fossiles,etc)

iii) Why are the earliest times referred to as the Stone Age?
-people of this time used stone to make their tools and equipment
-flint used to make tools and weapons and to start fires
-weapons, cooking utensils, etc. were all made from stone

iv) Mention two important advances made by Neolithic people (New Stone Age)
-development of farming - grew wheat and barley
-introduction of domesticated farm animals
-crafts were developed, e.g. pottery, corn milling, sewing, weaving, etc
-Neolithic people stayed in the same place and built better houses

v) In Celtic Ireland, what was ogham?
-a form of writing
-early Celtic alphabet
-the earliest form of Celtic writing
-early stone writing

vi) Name two groups of people that were members of the Aos Dana.
-files/poets
-brehons/judges
-druids/priests
-musicians

vii) Why were many monasteries located in isolated places in Christian Irealand?
-defence
-protection / safety
-monks wanted isolation
-monks felt closer to God
-quietness for prayer

viii) Give one reason why Irish monks travelled as missionaries to set up monasteries throughout Europe.
-to spread Christianity.
-to punish themselves / do penance / White Martyrdom

xv) Mention two achievements of Cumann na nGaedheal in government between 1923 and 1932.
-established (a legacy of) democracy
-established the civil service
-joined the League of Nations in 1923


xvii) WHy did Neville Chamberlain resign as Prime Minister of Britain in May, 1940?
-outbreak of World War II - Hitler's apparent success
-failure of his policy of appeasement

xviii) Give two reasons why propaganda was used during World War II.
-to indoctrinate people
-to raise people's morale
-to make an impression on other countries
-to create a sense of national identity
indoctrinate:
Verb: Teach (a person or group) to accept a set of beliefs uncritically: "broadcasting was a vehicle for indoctrinating the masses"

xix) Give one reason why some Unionists opposed to Sunningdale Agreement, 1973.
-many Unionists argued that it was not feasible to share power with Nationalists who sought the destruction of the state and the Council of Ireland which they perceived as an all-Ireland parliament-in-waiting

xx) Name two people who held the office of President of Ireland before 1992.
-Erskine Childers
-Cearbhall O Dalaigh
-Mary Robinson
-Patrick Hillery

[whoopsadaisy]

Would anyone by any chance have any notes on Tully's Farm in Geography? It's our studied farm for Primary Economic Activities, the teacher gave us notes on it and it's not in the book. I have questions on it for homework but forgot to bring home my handout on it -.-

[xfabgalx]

Anyone have bullet point notes on Cold War?

[Troxck]

I know this is a bit off topic but what should I do for question 4 in History? There are so many people to learn that I don't know where to start. Are there any major ones I should start off with that have a better chance of coming up?