Notes etc. - Do not post copyright material

niaroh1x96 wrote: »

No problem.....like Voltage, Current, Power etc.?? and Electronic circuits??

Yes, please!

Ohm's law ^^

Gramadach.
Píosa a trí

Saor briathar, Roinn II

Fhaistineach

An Chéad Réimniú

Briathra Leathan: -far
Briathra Caola: -fear


An Dara Réimniú

Briathra Leathan : -ófar
Briathra Caola : -eofar

Samplach Amhain


Cuir

Cuirfear x = x will be put

Meas

Measfar x = x will be thought


Ceannaigh

Ceannófar x = x will be bought

Imir

Imreofar x = x will be played.

(Tá an córas gramadach seo an-usaideacha, má theastaíonn uait grád A nó B a fháil, gheobhaidh é seo a lán marcaí duitse)

could someone do me a hugeeeee favour??

ok well ive done 2 poems, fear leasta lampai, and reiteog mharfach, could someone post me up some notes for either?? my teacher is useless, she gives us notes in irish, and doesnt tell us what they are, like if they are sample answers or themes or emotions etc.
im confused!

also, is there any prose that covers pretty much most topics?
irish really doesnt sit well with me and the less i have to learn the better i suppose, the same goes for poety,

so basicly what im asking is if there is 1 poem and 1 prose i could get notes for that would do for everything? they probably dont exsist but hey, might as well ask

1st Year

1. FINDING OUT ABOUT THE PAST

History: the story of the past
Herodotus: father of history
Prehistory
Archive: documents
Museum: artefacts

Sources can be written, pictorial, oral, artefacts or ruins.
Primary sources: directly from the past, first hand information, from the time.
Secondary sources: indirectly, second hand, after the time.

Bias: using only the evidence that supports one side.
Prejudice: judging before any evidence.
Proaganda: using the media to promote one point of view.
Fact v Opinion

Archaeology is the study of buildings and artefacts.
Finding the sites: Aerial photography (crop marks)
Stories (Troy)
Rescue archaeology (roads and buildings)

Excavations: Survey
Diggers (topsoil)
Map
Sieves and brushes
Numbering artefacts
Laboratory

Dating: Stratigraphy
Coins and pottery
Dendrochronology
Radiocarbon dating


2. ANCIENT IRELAND

a) The Mesolithic Period (middle Stone Age 7000BC)

First settlers
Evidence: Mount Sandal in Derry
Houses: circular, wooden frame tied at top, covered with hides grass or bushes.
Food: nomadic hunter-gatherers (wild boar, duck, deer, fish, berries). Cooked on a spit.
Clothes: hides cleaned with stone scrapers and sewn together with bone needles.
Tools and Weapons: flint stone, axes, spears, knives and scrapers.

b) The Neolithic Period (new Stone Age 4000BC)

First farmers arrived by dugout canoe.
Evidence: Lough Gur in Limerick, Ceide Fields in Mayo and the Boyne Valley.
Houses: rectangular, posts, wattle and daub, thatched roof, hearth inside and hole for chimney in roof.
Food: farming and hunting and gathering.
Farm animals were cattle, pigs, sheep and goats.
Mattock and wooden plough in light upland soil to grow wheat and barley.
Grain ground on a saddle-stone.
Food cooked on a spit.
Clothes: same as Mesolithic.
Tools and weapons: flint stone, axes, spears, knives and scrapers. Now they are polished. Pottery is used for storing food in burials.

Burial Customs and Religion.
Megaliths: Usually cremated and ashes put in pots inside the following:
Court Cairns (northern half, A shaped, court for ceremonies, all covered in stones)
Portal Dolmens ( covered in stones)
Passage Tombs (Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth). Cross shaped, 80 meters in diametres, (Newgrange), corbelled roof, carved kerbstones, entrance stone, roof box.

C) The Bronze Age (2000BC)

Copper Mount Gabriel in Cork. Tin Cornwall.
Houses: circular, posts, wattle and daub, thatch, hearth inside and hole in roof. Ditch and fence around houses.
Food: same as Neolithic but fulachta fiadh used as well as spits and copper cauldrons.
Tools and weapons: bronze, sickles, spades, axes, spears, swords.
Arts and crafts: copper and gold jewellery. Lunulae and torcs (twisted gold), fasteners, collars, bracelets and necklaces.
Burial customs and religion: wedge tombs, cist graves, stone circles (may be connected to sun's movements), galláns (standing stones). Buried in crouched position with grave goods (afterlife). Some cremated, ashes in pots.

D ) The Iron Age and the Celts (by 300BC iron had taken over)

Evidence: Romans, Halstatt, La Tene, Christian writings and archaeological evidence.
Houses: ring-forts (raths and cashels), Crannógs.
Hill-forts (Tara) and promontory forts (Dun Aengus). Ceremonial. Chevaux de frise.
Souterrains (escape and cool food)

Family: described below in order of importance.
Rí or Taoiseach ruled a Tuath and were appointed by the Derbfine. Fosterage in use.
The Nobels were made up of the warriors and the Aosdána. Aosdána were Brehons, Filí, Druids and craftsmen.
Farmers
Commoners or Slaves ( captured from other tribes)

Food: Mainly cattle but also sheeps and pigs. Dairy products. Wheat (bread), oats (porridge) and barley (ale). Rotary quern. Spit and fulachta fiadh still used and also stone ovens.
Feasting important. Poems, stories, music, ficheall (chess) baire (hurling).

Clothes: wool spun and woven. Mantle.
Tools and weapons: iron smelting. Bronze and gold still used for ornaments.
Arts and crafts: Lá Tene, Ogham stones.
Burial customs and Religion: Lug, Bridget. Cremated and ashes put in pits or put in cist graves with a mound of stones (cairn) on top.

E ) Early Christian Ireland, (Early 400sAD)

First arrived in the south-east. Some may have been slaves. Palladius sent as bishop.
Patrick best known. Most Celts were Christian by 600. Celtic life continued as before but druids lost power.

Monasteries:
Remote areas (Skellig, Michael, Glendalough). Round towers ( 2 used). Beehive cells (clocháns). Scriptorium (Book of Kells, Cathach) manuscripts on parchment or vellum.
Monks worked in fields. Attacks by other clans, other monasteries and Vikings.

Arts and crafts:
Metalwork. Filigree (Ardagh and Derrynaflan chalices, Tara brooch)
High crosses (Muireadeach's Cross in Monasterboice)
Irish Monks abroad:
'Island of saints and scholars' Columcille in Iona, Columbanus in Bobbio Italy.


3 . ANCIENT ROME

Controlled most of Europe and North Africa.

Evidence: Ruins, coins, Latin documents.

Towns: grip pattern, Forum (marketplace), temples, amphitheatre (gladiators, Coliseum), aqueducts(water), roads (cobbled, Apian way), Circus maximus (chariots), sewerage system, town walls. Baths, public and private every day.
Houses: particians lived in houses, plebeians lived in apartments.
Private house called a domus. Atruim (open courtyard in middle). Peristylium (walled garden). Tiled roofs. Mosaic floors. Villas in country.
Apartments: called insulae. Poor tenants at top, better off in middle, shops on the bottom.

Family: father totally in charge. Strick discipline. Married young ( 12 and 14 )

Clothes: knee-length tunics. Toga for men, stola for women.

Food: bread and porridge for poor. Rich ate a lot of meat, lying down. Vomitorium.

Education: rich only. Secondary school for boys only. Very strict. Stylus on wax tablet.

Leisure and Entertainment: gladiators in amphitheatres (Coliseum) emperor's thumb. Chariot racing in Cirus Maximus. Plays in semi-circular theatres.

Work: slaves did most farming and general labouring. Poor Romans were craftsmen and shopkeepers. Middle class was architects and doctors. Wealthy became generals or senators.

The army: legions of 5000. Highly trained. Javelins, short sword, armour and sheild.
Strict discipline (decimation). Forts along border of empire (Hadrian's wall). Giant catapults and cross-bows (ballista).

Architecture: see Renaissance. Lots of sculpture and Frescoes.

Religion and death: Many gods. Jupiter (father of all gods). Neptune (Sea). Mars (war)
Funeral processions followed by cremation and ashes put in urns and buried.
Christians buried in catacombs.

Reasons for fall of Rome:
1. Power struggles between those wanting to be emperor.
2. High cost of army.
3. Corruption.
4. Barbarian tribes (anyone outside empire)


4 . MEDIEVAL TIMES (middle ages, feudal times, dark ages)

a) General:
Fall of ancient Rome to Renaissance.
A time of was, little interest in education, plague and a reduction in population of Europe.
Feudal system: Kings granted land, called a fief, to vassals in return for soldiers. Kings, barons, knights, bishops and abbots, freemen and serfts.
Knights lived on Manors. They kept some for themselves (demesne) and rented out the rest to peasants.
Norman invasion of Britain: William the Conqueror, Battle of Hasting 1066, Bayeux Tapestry.
Norman invasion of Ireland: Rory O Connor V Dermot McMorrough king of Leinster.
Asked Henery II for help, Strongbow (Richard de Clare) marries Aoife in Waterford (1169). Normans take Dublin from Vikings.

b) Castle:
Motte and Bailey castle: used early on or by poorer knights. Bailey was the courtyard.

Stone castle: strategic location, moat, battlements, drawbridge, portcullis, gatehouse.
The Keep: great hall, solar, spiral staircase, arrow slits, dungeon, garderobes tapestries.
Siege: undermining the wall, giant catapult, battering ram, hot oil, scaling-ladders, Gunpowder meant the end.
The Lord: controlled territory, fought wars, administered justice, attended tournaments and hunted.
The lady: ran the keep, came with a dowry, had an arranged marriage, looked after daughter's education.
Feasts in the great hall, jesters, musicians, Knives and spoons only, lots of meat. Drank wine, ale and mead.

C ) Knights:
Page: 7 to 14. Learned manners and attended to a lady.
Squire: 14 to 21. Trained for fighting (sword, mace, lance, crossbow, longbow). Helped with lord's armour. Learned code of chivalry.
Knighthood: night in church. Dubbed, 'Arise sir.....'
Tournament and Jousts: mock battles. Coat of arms.

d) Manor:
The manor was the village and the land around it.
Knight or lord: lived in manor-house ( sometimes called grange), and bailiff ran manor-farm. The demesne was kept for lord or knight. The life-style of the knight was similar to that of a lord, but was not as well off. The manor house was made of wood and plaster.
Peasants: lived in 2 rooms. Houses made of wattle and daub and thatch. Houses had 2 rooms, one for family an one for animals. Freemen paid money rend and could go when they wanted. Serfs could not (year and a day). All had to work for lord at certain times, all had to use the lords mill. All had to pay tithes.
Open field system: 3 fields. 1 fallow. Strips. Crop rotation. Common land. Animal parts not salted in autumn burned on 'bonefires' at halloween.

Food: porridge for breakfast. Bread and cheese for lunch. Pottage (thick veg soup) peasants rarely had meat. Ale or beer.

e ) Towns and cities
Normans developed Viking towns and also build new ones at: river crossings, ports, route crossings and around castles.
A town charter granted by the king gave the town the right to have a corporation, fairs and markets and courts.
Towns had walls. Houses made of wood (curfew). Open sewers. Chamber pots onto narrow streets woth the shout 'Gardez-loo'. Market cross. Town crier.
Merchants and Craftsmen: merchants well off, lived in stone houses. Craftsmen had workshops on ground floor with a sign outside (few could read).
Guilds: controlled standards and prices, decided who became master craftesmen, looked after sick members and their families.
Apprentice at 14. lived with master. Could be punished, 7 years.
Journeyman. Could work for anyone. Paid by the day. Had to make a masterpiece to become a master.
Markets and fairs: markeys weekly at market cross. Fairs once or twice a year on the fair green (outside the walls). Lasted a week or more. Entertainment (bear and bull baiting, jugglers, musicians, fire-eaters)
crime and punishment: no one on streets after curfew. Stocks or pillory. Hands chopped off. Torture, hanging, beheading.

F ) churches and monasteries
bishops (dioceses), parishes. Church very powerful. Power shown in architecture.
Romanesque: rounded arches, square towers, thick walls and columns.
Gothic: pointed arches, slender columns, thin walls supported by flying buttresses, rose windows and laucet windows.

Medieval monasteries: different orders such as Benedictines and Cistercians.
Rule of St.Benedict. Poverty, Chastity and obedience. Lay brothers.
Main buildings: cloisters, church, almonry, refectory, dormitory, infirmary, chapter house and scriptorium.

Main Monks: Abbot, novice master, infirmarian, almoner, hospitallar (guests). Monasteries were very important in the community.
Monks day: up very early. Down to church to pray. Breakfast in refectory. Meeting in chapter house to get jobs for day, punish and read a chapter from the rules of st.Benedict. More prayers. Work. Prayer. Dinner. Prayer. Work. Prayer. Supper. Prayer. Bed at Eight.
Begging monks or friars: dominicans and franciscans lived among people. Did not agree with the wealthy monasteries.

Plaugue or Black Death: killed on quarter or one third of population. Flea on black rat. Towns hit hardest.


5 . THE RENAISSANCE

The renaissance is the rebirth of learning. The learning of ancient Greece and Rome was rediscovered and new discoveries made.
Humanism is showing great interest in human nature rather than religion. Writing in the vernacular became popular.
Artist were craftsmen like other tradesmen.

Why Italy?
Wealthy cities provided patrons of the arts.
Fall of constantinople.
Competition between city-states.
Ruins of Ancient Rome.

Differences between Medieval and Renaissance art:
religion a theme but other themes important too.
Movement and emotions became important.
Realism.
Perspective.
Sfumato.
Oils and canvas became popular but egg tempera and frescoes still used.

Architecture moved from Gothic to Romanesqe.

Important people of the Renaissance:
a) Patrons of the arts:
Lorenzo de Medici: family ruled Florence. 'The Magnificent' collected ancient Greek and Roman manuscripts. Michelangelo was a pupil at the Platonic Acadamy. Spent a fortune on art.
The popes Leo X (Lorenzo's son) and Julius II (Sistine chapel)

b) Johannes Gutenberg.
He was a goldsmith from Mainz in Germany. Invented the movable metal type printing press. His bible is very valuble.
Invention of printing press important because:
1 . Books more plentiful and cheaper.
2 . Literacy and education spread.
3 . Spread ideas of Renaissance and Reformation.

c) Leonardo da Vinci.
Renaissance man (wide range)
apprencticed to Verrochio. He was the first to use sfumato. Painted the Last Supper (falling apart) and the Mona Lisa (louvre). Dissected more than 30 bodies. Used mirror writing.
Designed planes, parachutes, cannon and tanks. Died in France.



d) Michelangelo.
Attended platonic acadamy. Loved sculpture. White marble. The Pieta. David was the biggest statue of the time and showed master of anatomy. Julius II ordered him to paint the ceiling of the sistene chapel. It took 4 years.
He designed the dome of st.peters. He was a poet also.

e) Durer
From Nuremberg. Trained as an engraver. Famous for self-portraits and pictures of plants (large clod) and animals (young hare). His engravings could be printed. Very scientific approach.

f) Galileo
The father of modern science.
Invented the pendulum clock and a powerful telescope. Discovered that all solid objects fall at the same speed. He proved Copernicus was right when he said the Eartch moved around the sun, but had to say he was wrong in front of the Inquisition.

g) Shakespeare
Stratford on Avon. Married Anne Hathaway. Moved to London without the family. Worked in the Globe Theatre (open air, no women actors). Wrote 35 plays (hamelet, romeo and juliet) and many sonnets. His plays are comedies, tragedies and histories.























2nd Year

1. THE AGE OF EXPLORATION (1400 to 1750)
before the age of exploration people believed: earth was flat, monsters, Europe at centre, boiling in south, and the world was smaller.

Why people wanted new sea routes:
Wealth for country
Wealth for explorer
To avoid Arab controlled trade routes
Religion
Inspired by spirit of Renaissance and The Travels of Marco Polo
Prester John

What made voyages possible:
Portuguese caravels (clinker built, square and lateen sails, rudders)
New navigational instruments such as:
Astrolabe (north star), Quadrant (sun), cross-staff (horizon) all found latitudes.
Compass for direction.
Log and line for speed.
Lead and line for depth.
Portolan charts and newer maps.

Life on board ships.
Difficult and dangerous. Strict discipline. Food dry and salted. Scurvy. Jobs to do. A hammock after America was discovered.

Important Explorers

a) Prince Henry the Navigator. 3rd son, Sagres (mapmaking, shipbuilding and astronomy), west coast of Africa, padroas (stone pillars), slaves helped fund voyages.

b) Bartholomew Diaz. Portuguese. Storm. Cape of Good Hope (King John). Padroa.

c) Vasco da Gama. Portuguese. India by sea. Reach Calicut. 2-year voyage. Portuguese got control of this valuable sea route. Set up trading post.

d) Christopher Columbus (special study).
Born Genoa. Believed world was round. Wanted to said west to China and Japan.
Underestimated the distance by 3. failed to get support in England and Portugal.
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain in goof form having driven out Muslims. 'In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue'. Kind and Queen promised to make him governor of new lands and the title of Admiral of the Ocean.
3 ships. Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria and 90 men. He kept 2 logs. San Salvador in the Bahamas. Built a fort out of the wrecked Santa Maria and left 40 men behind. Brought back gold, pineappeles, parrots and 6 'indians'.
3 more voyages. Those left behind were killed. Explored other islands like Cuba. Brought over settlers. Such great cruelty against natives that columbus was brought back in chains.
Died disappointed. Never admitted he had not reached his goal. Amerigo Vespucci proved that Columbus had discovered America. The discoveries of Columbus led to a dispute with the Portuguese. The Treaty of Tordesillas gave Brazil to Portugal and Spain got the rest of South America.
e) Ferdinand Magellan.
Portuguese. Charles V of Spain supported him. He would be made governor of all new lands discovered and 5% of the profits. 5 ships (Trinity, Conception, San Antonio, Santiago and Victoria)
Aim of the voyage was to avoid the Portuguese trade route by sailing west.
'El Paso' or the 'Straits of Magellan'. Pacific ocean. Scurvy. Magellan killed on the Philippine Islands. Del Cano and 17 otheres out of 260 came home after 3 years.

f) Hernando Cortés.
Conquistador. Aim was gold and silver. 500 men. Got help from other tribes to attack the Aztecs (taxes, slavery and human sacrifices). Horses were new. Tenochtitlan (mexico city). Montezuma killed by his own. Spaniards escape and return with 100,000 men. Slaughter and victory.

g) Francisco Pizzaro.
Conquistador. Gold and silver. 170 men. Captured Atahualpa. Room full of gold. Took Cuzco, the capital city. Pizzaro killed by his own.

Results of the Age of Exploration.
Geographical knowledge
Cultures destroyed.
Many died of European diseases.
Many enslaved, tortured and murdered.
Countries other than Italy became rich and powerful.


2. THE REFORMATION

Reasons for the Reformation
1. Wealth of the Church. Owned 1/3 of German land. Tithes.
2. Renaissance encouraged questioning.
3. Printing press spread ideas.
4. Kings wanted less interference.
5. Abuses (nepotism, simony, absenteeism, pluralism, sale of indulgences etc.)

Story of Martin Luther (special study)
A German. Studied to be a lawyer but became an Augustinian monk. Professir of Theology at Wittenberg. He studied the Bible and concluded 'salvation by faith alone'.
John Tetzel selling indulgences. ½ the proceeds to St.Peters and ½ to Archbishop of Mainz, to repay loans for simony (buying dioceses). 95 theses on church door.
Public debate with John Eck (Luther questioned papal infallibility).
Emperor Charles V guaarenteed safe passage to the Diet of Worms. Luther declared an outlaw. Frederick the Wise of Saxony put him in Wartburg Castle for a year for his own safety. Luther spent the time translating the Bible into German.
Lutheran princes protested ( protestant)that they should control religion in their own states.
War resulted which ended in the Peace of Augsburg, which decided that 'the religion of the prince is the religion of the people.'

Luther's beliefs:
The Bible and not the hierarchy is the source of religious knowledge.
Salvation by faith alone.
2 sacraments only, Baptism and Eucharist.
Married clergy.
Church services in the vernacular.

John Calvin.
Influenced by Luther. Had to leave France. Geneva 'the city of God'.
Calvin's beliefs: outlined in The Institutes of the Christion Religion were similer to luthers with the exception of predestination ( the elect went to heaven), but a much more strict approach.
Pastors or ministers preached. Teachers taught. Deacons looked after the sick and elderly.
Elders watched the behaviour of the people.
John Knox brought Calvinism to Scotland (Presbyterian Church). In France Calvinists were called Huguenots. In England they were called Puritans.

Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon. 1 daughter, no sons. Emperor Charles V (Catherine's nephew) would not let the Pope annul the marriage.
Cranmer became archbishop of Canterbury and granted a divorce. Henry married Anne Boleyn and was excommunicated.
Act of Supremacy made the king head of the Church. Thomas More beheaded.
Henry closed the monasteries because: it made him very rich, some were corrupt and they were loyal to the pope.

The Counter-Reformation

The Council of Trent.
A meeting of the hierarchy in Italy to discuss Catholic beliefs and discipline.
It concluded that the teachings were OK but the abuses were banned.
It increased the divisions with Protestants and lead to wars of religion.

The Jesuits.
Ignatuis of Loyola wrote Spiritual Exercises to train priests.
The new order was highly trained and organised along military lines (governor general)
They concentrated on teaching the sons of nobles and wealthy people.
They were missionaries.

The Court of Inquisition.
Its aim was to end heresy in Spain and Italy.
It used: San Benito (itchy garment), torture and burning at the stake (Auto da Fé)

Results of the Reformation.
Europe divided. North mainly Protestant.
Wars of Religion. The Thirty Years War.
Persecution.
Education. Protestant wanted everyone to read the bible.











3. THE PLANTATIONS IN IRELAND

Ireland in 1500.
King was Lord of Ireland and had little control. The country was divided into 3 areas:
1. The Pale (English speaking common law, cattle raids.)
2. The Anglo-Irish lordships (Norman descendants, common law, some Irish customs)
3. The Gaelic Irish lordships (Brehon law, clan owned tuath, little had changed since Celts)

Henry VIII and Ireland.
Henry wanted greated control in Ireland because:
1. To reduce the power of the Fitzgerald's of Kildare.
2. To prevent the French or Spanish from using Catholic Ireland as a base.
3. To introduce the changes in religion in Ireland.

Garret Óg put in jail. Silken Thomas rebelled. Skeffington and gupowder led to 'the pardon of Maynooth'. Very expensive, so Henry tried a new approach.
Surrender and Regrant: Gaelic and Anglo-Irish lords gave their land to the king, and got it back, with a title, if they promised to speak English, obey English law and Practice English customs. This led to disputes over succession and now land could be confiscated from a Chieftain.
Plantations were now possible. Loyal planters would get the land of rebellious Irish.

The Plantation of Laois and Offaly
O Moores and O Connors raided Pale. Lord Deputy defeated them and confiscated lands.
Queen's County (Laois) with a county town called Maryborough (Portlaoise)
King's County (Offaly) with a county town called Philipstown (Daingean).
Plantation failed because not enough planters came and the Irish kept attacking the settlers.

The Plantation of Munster.
Causes of the Desmond Rebellions:
Queen Elizabeth wanted to increase control. Presidents of Munster appointed (English law and Protestant religion).
Adventurers encouraged to claim land.

James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald got help from the Pope after his first rebellion failed. All 600 Spanish and Italian soldiers killed. Munster laid waste. Land confiscated.

The Plantation:
Undertakers got 4,6,8 and 12 thousand acre lots. Expected to be able to defend against the Spanish in 7 years.
Results:
Not nearly enough settlers came. The irish attacked.
Ownership changed. New towns (Bandon and Lismore). Timber for barrels and ships. New farming methods. Trade prospered.

The Plantation of Ulster (special study)
Background and Causes:
Elizabeth wanted english law and Protestant religion in Ulster. O Neill and O Donnell rebelled. Some victories (Battle of Yellow Ford) and final defeat in Kinsale 1601.
Treaty of Mellifont.
Flight of the Earls 1607.
James 1 confiscated land.

The Plantation:
James wanted loyal settlers, an income and a way to pay soldiers.
6 counties (Armagh, Derry, Donegal, Cavan, Fermanagh, Tyrone)
Estated of 1000, 1500 and 2000 given to 3 groups:
Undertakers (no Irish tenants, £5.33 per 1000 acres)
Servitors (some Irish, £8)
Loyal Irish (£10.66)

Bawns and Castle had to be built.
12 guilds in london formed the Irish Society to plant Derry.
Antrim and Down planted by Chichester, Hamilton and Montgomery.

Results:
Many Scottish Presbyterians did come.
Woodkern attacked settlers.
Legacy of hatred.
New towns
Trade prospered.

The Cromwellian Settlement.
Background and Causes:
1641 rebellion. Ulster settlers massacred.
Civil War in England.
Ireland was regarded, as Royalist and Cromwell needed to pay his Roundheads and adventurers who had financed the Civil War. Religion was important to Cromwell.

The Plantation:
1652 Act of Settlement, 'To hell of to Connaught'
Many sent to the West Indies. Soldiers allowed to enlist in armies not at war with England.
Sir William Petty and the Down Survey. 11 million acres.

Results:
Biggest change in land ownership.
Did not crush Catholic religion.
Outlaw bands called Torues attacked the settlers.
Power and wealth in Protestant hands.


4. THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS

Two of the three sections are covered: the American War of Independence and the 1798 Rebellion.
Background to the Age of Revolutions:
Absolute monarchy. The divine right of king. The privileges of the nobility.
The Enlightenment. John Locke (people had the right to get rid of bad monarchs)


4A THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

Causes
Britain wanted to tax the colonists for the 7 Years War with the French and Indians.
'No Taxation without Representation' and the Sons of Liberty (attacked collectors).
The Navigation Acts (American exports had to go to Britain and on British ships.)
The Boston Massacre (5 demonstators shot by British soldiers)
The Boston Tea Party
British killed 8 in Lexington on their way to get arms in Concorde. But Paul Revere had warned the Americans and they ambushed and shot 273.
The Continental Congress made Washington commander-in-chief and passed the Declaration of Independence.

The Armies
Britain's advantages: full time, navy, four times as many soldiers.
Britains problems: far from home, did not know the countryside.
Americas advantage: fighting for home, knew countryside, good shots, guerrilla tactics, help from France.
Americas disadvantages: 'minute men', discipline poor.

The War
Went badly at first for America.
Victories at Trenton and Princeton.
Gates defeated the British at Saratoga.
The winter at Valley Forge (many died but Von Steuben trained the army).
At Yorktown Cornwallis, trapped between the French at sea and Washingtons forces on land, surrendered.

Results:
Washington became president
USA founded
State government and Federal government.
Influenced other countries.


4B THE UNITED IRISHMEN AND THE 1798 REBELLION

Background and causes
Irish Parliament controlled by Protestant Ascendancy ( C of I only 15% and most of the land)
Penal laws left Catholics poor and uneducated.
Tithes still had to be paid.
The influence of the American and French revolutions.

The Society of United Irishmen
Wolfe Tone (Dublin, Anglican Trinity barrister admired French Rev)
1791 Tone and Belfast Presbyterians formed the UI
Aim: Catholic and Protestant together would end British interference in Ireland.
1793 war with France. British Gov afraid of Ireland. The UI was banned. Now a rebellion and a republic was the only way.
Tone escaped to America and then to France to get help.
1796 General Hoche and Bantry Bay storms.

The Rising
General Lakes repression in Ulster and Leinster.
House burning flogging, pitch capping and half hanging.
Spies and informers led to the arrest of the leaders, including Lord Edward Fitzgerald.
The Rising in Dublin and the surrounding counties was easily put down.

Wexford: Actions of Yeomen (part-time) and Militia (full-time) provoked rising.
Father Murphy won at Oulart Hill, Enniscorthy and freed Bagenal Harvey in Wexford.
Important defeat at New Ross.
Atrocity at Scullabogue.
Final defeat at Vinegar Hill.

Ulster: Henry Joy McCracken defeated in Antrim and Henry Munro defeated in Down.

The End: Tone arrived in Lough Swilly. Sentenced to hang and committed suicide.

Results
30000 dead
Bitterness against British
Bitterness between Catholics and Protestant.
Further Rebellions
The Act of Union.


5. THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION


Background
Needed because of the increase in the population and the growth of towns.
Problems with the Open Field System:
Fallow land
No point in making improvements
Lazy neightbours
Diseases spread
Selective breeding impossible

New developments
Enclosure acts had to be passed and commissioners divided the land.
Commonage gone (poor to the towns)
Viscount Townshend developed Norfolk system (wheat, turnips, barley, clover and grass)
Cattle could be fed in winter.
Robert Bakewell (selective breeding)
Artur Young's 'The annals of agriculture'.

New Machines
Jethro Tull's Seed Drill
Cyrus Mc.Cormick's Reaper
Andrew Meikle's Threshing Machine

Results:
Labourers had to move to the towns
Towns could be fed



6. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Definition: A complete change from a rural to an urban way of life.

Why it began in Britain:
Large cheap labour force due to Enclosure and Jenner's vaccination for smallpox.
Plentiful supply of coal and iron ore.
Inventors
Large Empire (cheap raw materials and a ready market)
Wealthy landlords and merchants willing to invest in factories.

Transport Revolution
Needed because transport was slow, expensive, loads were small and bad roads led to many breakdowns.
Roads: Telford, McAdam and Metcalf inproved road design.
Turnpike trusts built toll roads.

Canals: James Brindley built the Worsley to Manchester canal for the Duke of Bridgewater. Canal building mania.
Ships: Steel Hulls and steam power replaced wood and sail.
Railways: First railways were stationary steam engines in mines.
Richard Trevithick in fairs Catch Me Who Can.
First goods railway was Stockton to Darlington designed by George Stephenson.
First passenger like was Liverpool to Manchester. George and Robert Stephenson designed the Rocket.
Railway building mania.

The Textile Industry
First to be industrialised Spinning wheels and hand looms in domestic industry.
John Kays Flying Shuttle.
James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny
Richard Arkwrights Water Frame
Samuel Cromptons Mule
Edmund Cartwrights Power Loom
These machines had to be put in factories and powered at first by water wheels and them by steam.
Thomas Newcomens steam engine could pump water out of mines.
James Watts could turn wheels.

Iron and Steel
Abraham Darby used coke to replace charcoal to make pig iron.
Henry Corts Puddling and Rolling Process made wrought iron.
Henry Bessemers Converter made steel.

Working in Factories
14-hour day, noisym warm, dusty, and fines for breaking strict rules. Children often beaten.
1 euro a week for men, 44c for women and 23c for children. Entire families had to work. Unguarded machines. No compensation for injury.

Working in Mines.
Trappers (very young). Children carrying heavy loads on all fours on wet ground.
Lung Disease. Rock falls. Gas explosions.
Newcomens steam engine helped stop flooding.
Watts steam engine dragged coal to the surface.
Davys safety lamp helped stop explosions.

Living in the cities.
Fast unplanned growth. Houses built by factory owners around the smoky factory.
Houses badly built. Damp and small, they had no running water or sewerage system.
Cholera from dirty water, typhus from bugs and TB from damp conditions. The rich moved to the suburbs.

Improvements in Health/Medicine.
James Simpson used chloroform in operations.
Joseph Lister improved hygiene in hospitals.
Edward Jenner vaccinated against smallpox.
Edwin Chadwicks report led to cleaner streets, piped water and sewerage systems.


7. THE FAMINE

Background.
Most landlords protestant. Many absentee. Gale day (landlords agent). Large farmers (30 acres +). Sublet to small farmers and cottiers. Spailpeens were wandering labourers.
Country divided into Poor Law Unions and each had a workhouse. Only the really badly off would go there (families split up, like prison).

Causes:
Rise in population
Subdivision.
Dependence on the potato.
The Blight.

What was done:
1845 Peels government brought maize (indian corn) and set up Public Works Schemes.
1846 Russels liberal government did not want to interfere and abandoned the above.
Soup kitchens were set up by the Quakers and the government but the government abandoned the idea in 1847.
The workhouses catered for 200000 and eventually were allowed provide soup kitchens.

Results:
1 million died of disease and starvation
1 million emigrated by 1851 (coffin ships)
Push and pull causes left 4 million by 1900
Decline of Irish language.
Subdivisions ended.
New catholic landlords.
Hatred for Britain.

Desire to Aspire wrote: »

Fair play. Did you type all of them out yourself?

yeahh
over the course of the last few weeks, in the process of writing the 3rd year course, ill put them up when im done

actually, correct answer, i got them from there, but my computer doesnt run microsoft word, so i couldnt copy and paste or anything i could only read them, so i typed them in open office, im pretty sure if you went through them youd be able to find some spelling mistakes and stuff lol

Colm! wrote: »

Hey, cut the guy a break, the stuff's crazily useful. I'd have killed for those notes last year :P

cut the *girl* a break ahahah XD

and yeah, i know not everyone knows about these, and they are amazing cos they summarise everything, so i thought id save people the hassle of going to the website and downloading them so i put them up here lol

and i was never specificaly asked if i wrote them from my own notes,
i did type them myself lol XD XD

Coeurdepirate wrote: »

If anybody needs any help with French you can ask me anytime! I don't have any notes as such, but I'm in 5th year HL French and I haven't gotten anything less than an A2 in a test since TY.

Thanks

Just wondering about the aural, it brings all my xmas, summer etc results down because usually id get a high b in the written part but a low c in the aural....any tips appreciated

Subh Milis.
le Séamus Ó Néill.

Chonaic an file cnagaire salach. Bhí fearg an domhain air. Ach chuir sé smacht ar féin ansin.

"Bhí subh milis
Ar baschrann an dorais
Ach mhúch mé an corraí
Ionam a déirigh."

Mar smaoinigh sé ar an lá a bheidh an páiste fásta suas. Fágfaidh an páiste an teach agus beidh brón agus uaigneas ar an bhfile.

"Mar smaoinigh mé ar an lá
A bheas an baschrann glan
Agus an lámh beag
Ar iarraidh."

--

Wow! That looks extremely short here, but it works. Short, easy poem.

Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration.

The speed of an object is the distance it travels per unit time. (m/s)

Velocity is speed in a given direction. (m/s)

Acceleration is the increase in velocity per second. (m/s/s)
Acceleration = Change in velocity ÷ Time Taken.

Distance = Speed x Time.
Time = Distance ÷ Speed.
Speed = Distance ÷ Time.

Living Things.

Biology is the study of living things. All living things have seven features that make them different from non-living things.

Seven Characteristics of Living.
-Movement.
-Respiration.
-Sensitivity.
-Feeding.
-Excretion.
-Reproduction.
-Growth.

The animal kingdom is divided into two groups: vertebrates and invertebrates.

Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone.
-Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals.

Invertebrates are animals that don't have a backbone.
-Insects.

Plants are living organisms that are fixed in position and cannot move around. They contain chlorophyll, allowing them to make their own food by photosynthesis. Identified by their leaves, shape, and flowers.

A key is a set of simple questions used to identify a plant or animal.

Genetics.

Genetics is the study of the inheritance of characteristics.

Inheritable characteristics include eye colour and hair colour.
Non-inheritable characteristics include sporting ability and musical ability.

Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nucleus of a cell. 23 in each cell.
-Made of protein and DNA.

Genes are chemicals, found in chromosomes, that pass on information from parents to children.